• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.237-246
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• 2008

Filtration rates and fecal production of freshwater bivalve, Unio douglasiae on two kinds of hibernal diatom communities were measured simultaneously in a laboratory. One community is the Han River (HAN), which dominated by Asterionella Formosa. Stephanodiscus hantzschii (ca. 98% of total phytoplankton). The other community is the Ilgam Lake (IL), which dominated by Synedra ulna, Scenedesmus sp. Microcystis aeruginosa (ca. 82%). The HAN water has higher concentrations of nutrient (TN and TP) and chlorophyll $\alpha$ (Chl-$\alpha$), lower turbidity and conductivity than the IL water. Water sampling for the feeding experiment was conducted in the same day (Jan 15, 2008) and similar time (AM 10:00 for HAN, AM 11:00 for IL). Mussels with the similar size ($0.0{\pm}0.5\;cm$) were collected from the Gunsan and Okgu district (Jeonbuk), and starved in a laboratory for 2 days before the experiment. The experiment comprised CON (no addition of mussel), LOW (addition of mussel at 0.3 indiv. $L^{-1}$), MID (1.0 indiv. $L^{-1}$) and HIGH (2.0 indiv. $L^{-1}$), respectively. With the increment of mussel density and time, the concentration of Chl-$\alpha$ in two diatom communities were clearly decreased; Chl-$\alpha$ of HAN gradually decreased after 1 hour of mussel treatment, while that of IL decreased as soon as mussel introduction. In 7 hours of treatment, the former was removed finally up to about 90% of control, while the later was remained as about 50%. Under the presence of mussel, total phytoplankton density was shifted as the similar patterns to that of Chl-$\alpha$ (r=0.705, P<0.0001), however, there showed the drastic differences following a species. Based on the concentration of Chl-$\alpha$, filtration rate of U. douglasiae averaged 0.266 $L\;g^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ (0.115 to 0.442) on HAN and $0.577\;L\;g^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ (0.146 to 1.428) on IL water, respectively. There were no differences in feces production among the mussel density in the HAH water (ANOVA, P>0.5), while in IL water, including lots of seston, the HIGH mussel produced the higher fecal materials, over one hundred times of LOW. These results suggest that freshwater bivalve Unio douglasiae have the alternative potential, as a filter-feeder of seston in turbid lake, and a biological controller of diatom bloom in cold stream.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1734-1740
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• 2001

Feeding trials using weanling pigs and broiler chicks were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different metal-amino acid chelates and complexes at various levels of copper and zinc on the performance and fecal excretions. A total of 200 weanling pigs (Large White ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc, $11.20{\pm}0.81kg$) were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments following a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated 4 times with 10 pigs per pen. The dietary treatments were designated as : A-diet containing 170 ppm Cu from $CuSO_4$ and 120 ppm Zn from $ZnSO_4$, B-diet containing 85 ppm Cu from Cu-amino acid chelate (CAC) and 60 ppm Zn from Zn-amino acid chelate (ZAC), C-diet containing 170 ppm Cu from CAC and 120 ppm Zn from ZAC, D-diet containing 85 ppm Cu from Cu-lysine complex (CL) and 60 ppm Zn from Zn-methionine complex (ZM), and E-diet containing 170 ppm Cu from CL and 120 ppm Zn from ZM. On the other trial, 144 of one day old broiler chicks were randomly distributed to 6 dietary treatments following a completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated 3 times with 8 chicks per replicate. The dietary treatments were as follows: 1-diet with 60 ppm Cu from $CuSO_4$ and 40 ppm Zn from $ZnSO_4$, 2-diet with 120 ppm Cu from $CuSO_4$ and 80 ppm Zn from $ZnSO_4$, 3-diet with 60 ppm Cu from CAC and 40 ppm Zn from ZAC, 4-diet with 120 ppm Cu from CAC and 80 ppm Zn from ZAC, 5-diet with 60 ppm Cu from CL and 40 ppm Zn from ZM, and 6-diet with 120 ppm Cu from CL and 80 ppm Zn from ZM. In Exp. 1 with pigs, there was no difference on average daily gain and average daily feed intake observed among treatments. There was improvement (p<0.05) on the overall feed conversion ratio (FCR) of pigs fed diet containing 120 ppm Zn and 170 ppm Cu from metal-amino acid chelates relative to those fed diet containing inorganic sources of Cu and Zn but equally efficient as those fed diet containing metal-amino acid complexes. Pigs fed diet containing either metal-amino acid chelates or complexes as sources of Cu and Zn had higher (p<0.05) Cu and Zn concentration in serum and lower (p<0.05) in feces than those receiving diet with inorganic sources. In Exp. 2 with broiler chicks, the overall FCR was not different among treatments. Higher (p<0.05) Cu and Zn concentration in serum was obtained from birds fed diet with 60 ppm Cu and 40 ppm Zn from metal-amino acid chelates compared to those fed diet with inorganic sources of Cu and Zn. Also, the feces collected from birds fed diet with either metal-amino acid chelates or complexes contained generally lower Cu and Zn than those birds fed diet with inorganic sources. The higher the dietary level of Cu and Zn the higher the Cu and Zn concentration in the feces. Based on the results, both metal-amino acid chelates and complexes of Cu and Zn at low levels (Zn 60 ppm, Cu 85 ppm for weanling pigs and Zn 40 ppm, Cu 60 ppm for broiler chicks) are not different from that of high levels of inorganic sources in maintaining growth performance and serum concentration. The fecal excretions for Cu and Zn were greatly reduced when organic sources were used.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2013

Two digestion trials, one with sheep and another with goats, were conducted to evaluate the long-term bias (LTB) of the indigestible dry matter (iDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) internal markers. The study used eight Santa In$\hat{e}$s castrated male sheep (average body weight of 16.6 kg) distributed in two $4{\times}4$ Latin squares and eight Saanen castrated male goats (average body weight of 22.6 kg) distributed in two $4{\times}4$ Latin squares. The experiments were conducted simultaneously, and the animals were housed in 1.2 $m^2$ individual pens with wood-battened floors equipped with individual feeders and drinkers. The animals received isonitrogenous diets that were offered ad libitum and contained 14% crude protein and 70% sugar cane (with 0, 0.75, 1.5 or 2.25% CaO, in natural matter percentage), corrected with 1% urea and 30% concentrate. The experiment consisted of four experimental periods of 14 d each, with the feed, leftovers and feces sampled on the last four days of each period. The marker concentrations in the feed, leftovers and fecal samples were estimated by an in situ ruminal incubation procedure with a duration 240 h. The relationship between the intake and excretion of the markers was obtained by adjusting a simple linear regression model, independently from the treatment (diets) fixed effects and Latin squares. For both the sheep and goats, a complete recovery of the iDM and iNDF markers was observed (p>0.05), indicating the absence of LTB for these markers. However, the iADF was not completely recovered, exhibiting an LTB of -9.12% (p<0.05) in the sheep evaluation and -3.02% (p<0.05) in the goat evaluation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.283-287
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• 2014

This experiment was conducted to determine methane production and emission factors for a range of roughage diets fed to Hanwoo cows at a level of maintenance energy requirement. Seven cows were fed mixed hay only, 12 cows were fed mixed hay containing 30~50% rice straw and 6 cows were fed a mixed hay diet supplemented with 1.0 kg of wheat bran. Each cow was placed in a metabolic crate for 10 consecutive days, including last 7 days for sampling of feces and urine. At the end of the sampling period, the cows were transferred to an open-circuit respiration chamber for 24 consecutive hours. Methane conversion rate (5.5~6.2%, mean value = 5.8%) and emission factor (33.6~38.6 kg/head/year, mean value = 35.2) were not significantly affected by the diets although the mixed hay only diet resulted in 11 and 15% higher respective rates than the other two. However, in light of the many assumptions that forage with good quality might reduce methane production, additional experiments should be required for participation in the greenhouse gas emission trading system.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.981-994
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• 2018

The present study aimed at evaluating the utilization possibility of encapsulated probiotic Bifidobacterium longum for production of functional fermented sausages. The B. longum isolated from the feces samples of healthy Korean infants encapsulated with glycerol as a cryprotectant was used for fermented sausages production as a functional bacterial ingredient, and its effect was also compared with those inoculated with commercial starter culture (CSC). Results showed that most inoculated encapsulated B. longum (initial count, 5.88 Log CFU/g) could survive after 4 days fermentation (5.40 Log CFU/g), and approximately a half (2.83 Log CFU/g) of them survived in the products after 22 days of ripening. The products inoculated with encapsulated B. longum presented the lowest lipid oxidation level, while had higher total unsaturated fatty acid content and more desirable n-6/n-3 fatty acids than those inoculated with CSC or non-inoculated control. Moreover, the odor and taste scores in the samples made with B. longum were comparable to those in the treatment with CSC. The inoculation with the B. longum had no effects on the biogenic amine contents as well as did not cause defects in color or texture of the final products. Thus, the encapsulation could preserve the probiotic B. longum in the meat mixture, and the encapsulated B. longum could be used as a functional ingredient for production of healthier fermented meat products.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.287-294
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• 2007

Current study was conducted to identify the effects of dietary supplementation of Aspergillus oryzae ferments (AOF) cultured under normal (NAOF) or nitrogen-deficient (NMAOF) environment on feed efficiency, nutrient digestibility for broiler chicks. Fecal microbes and ammonia gas production were also determined. A total of 168 male Avian chicks, 2-wk-old, were randomly assigned into 56 cages, three chicks per cage. There were seven treatments (Control, NAOF 0.05, 0.1, 0.5%, NMAOF 0.05, 0.1, 0.5%), with 8 replicates (cages) per treatment. There was no significant difference in nutrient digestibility between two AOF groups, but the digestibility was greatly(p<0.05) improved by AOF supplementation. Total microbial account significantly (p<0.05) differed between the treatment groups with the highest number for NNAOF, followed by NAOF and control. In the case of Escherichia coli and Salmonella, the AOF supplementation significantly (p<0.05) reduced their numbers in feces, with a particular reduction in NNAOF group. Levels of ammonia gas generation were in order of control>NAOP>NNAOP. The current data implied that AOF supplementation, particularly grown under nitrogen-deficient environment, would be a feasible way to improve feed efficiency for broiler production, as well as to reduce environmental cost. However, further studies remain for industrial application.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.295-303
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: Anaerobic digestion process is recently adapted technology for treatment of organic waste such as animal manure because the energy embedded in the waste can be recovered from the waste while the organic waste were digested. Ever increased demand for consumption of meat resulted in the excessive use of antimicrobials to the livestocks for more food production. Most antimicrobials administered to animals are excreted through urine and feces, which might highly affect the biological treatment processes of the animal manure. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of antimicrobials on the efficiency of anaerobic digestion process and to clarify the interactions between antimicrobials and anaerobes. METHODS AND RESULTS: The experiment was consisted of two parts 1) batch test to investigate the effects of individual antibiotic compounds on production of methane and VFAs(volatile fatty acids), and removal efficiency of organic matter, and 2) the continuous reactor test to elucidate the effects of mixed antimicrobials on the whole anaerobic digestion process. The batch test showed no inhibitions in the rate of methane and VFAs production, and the rate of organic removal were observed with treatment at 1~10 mg/L of antimicrobials while temporary inhibition was observed at 50 mg/L treatment. In contrast, treatment of 100 mg/L antimicrobials resulted in continuous decreased in the rate of methane production and organic removal efficiency. The continuous reactor test conduced to see the influence of the mixed antimicrobials showed only small declines in the methane production and organic matter removal when 1~10 mg/L of combined antimicrobials were applied but this was not significant. In contrast, with the treatment of 50 mg/L of combined antimicrobials, the rate of organic removal efficiency in effluent decreased by 2~15% and the rate of biogas production decreased by 30%. CONCLUSION(s): The antimicrobials remained in the animal manure might not be removed during the anaerobic digestion process and hence, is likely to be released to the natural ecosystem. Therefore, the efforts to decline the usage of antimicrobials for animal farming would be highly recommended.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 1994

The effects of inorganic selenium (Se), selenate and selenite on Se balance levels in the different ruminal fluid fractions were studied using Japanese Corriedale wethers with an average body weight of 47 kg. A $3{\times}3$ Latin square design was used with three animal, three periods and three treatments. In each period, there was 7 d dietary adjustment followed by 5 d total collection of urine and feces. Ruminal fluid samples were obtained at 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 h postprandially on the final day of the collection period. The three dietary treatments were: (1) without Se supplementation (control); (2) with Se supplement as sodium selenate; and (3) sodium selenite at a rate of 0.2 mg Se/kg dietary DM. The basal diet was timothy hay (Phleum pratense L.) fed 2% of body weight/d. Results indicated that Se balance were higher (p < 0.05) for those animals under supplementation than those animals under control. Overall data gathered showed a similar digestion balance of selenate and selenite in sheep. Inorganic Se, both selenate and selenite produced positive Se contents of the ruminal feed particles and protozoa. Bacterial Se increased (p < 0.05) on the first three hours post-prandially in Se supplemented diets. Gross ruminal fluid fraction, although there was improvement on their Se content under the supplemented diets, the changes were insignificant over the control. free inorganic Se and Se in soluble protein of the ruminal fluid were not significantly different for selenate and selenite. Most of the Se in the ruminal fluids of the animals under supplementation were insoluble, indicating the influence of rumen environments on Se bioavaliability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.505-510
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• 1992

The experiments were carried out to study the effect of physical forms of hay diet on phosphorus metabolism by offering sheep roughage diets containing a low phosphorus content. The sheep were fed coarse hay, short hay or finely ground pelleted hay. The physical forms of hat diet had little effect on the pathway of phosphorus excretion. In all groups, the most of phosphorus was excreted in feces and urinary phosphorus excretion was negligible. Duodenal fluid flow, rumen fluid outflow and estimated salivary flow appeared to be relatively high in sheep fed the coarse hay diet as compared to those in sheep fed the finely ground diet. The amount of phosphorus flow to the duodenum tended to be high in the coarse diet group as compared to those in other two groups. On the other hand, phosphorus concentrations in the duodenal fluid and the rumen fluid were lower in sheep fed the coarse hay diet than those in sheep fed the ground hay. Net intestinal phosphorus absorption tended to be higher in sheep fed the coarse hay than that in sheep fed the ground hay or pelleted hay. However, a negative phosphorus balance was observed in the coarse hay diet group although a positive phosphorus balance was found in other two groups. It was considered that salivary phosphorus secretion was greater than the amount of salivary phosphorus reabsorbed from the intestine, resulting in the negative of phosphorus balance in sheep fed the coarse hay.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1615-1622
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• 2011

A factorial ($4{\times}2{\times}2$) experimental design was employed to determine apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM), protein, lipid, energy and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) of the test diets containing either ${\alpha}$-potato starch (A-PS), ${\beta}$-potato starch (B-PS), ${\beta}$-corn starch (B-CS) or dextrin (DEX) as dietary carbohydrate energy for juvenile (average weight 30 g) and grower (average weight 300 g) rockfish reared at 13$^{\circ}C$ and 20$^{\circ}C$. Chromic oxide was used as an inert marker. Feces were collected by fecal collectors attached to rearing tanks from triplicate groups of juvenile and grower rockfish. Digestibilities of DM, energy and NFE of the test diets were significantly affected by dietary carbohydrate and water temperature (p<0.01), but not by fish size. DM digestibility of the fish fed the A-PS diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed other treatments, except for the DEX diet at 20$^{\circ}C$. DM digestibility of rockfish fed the B-CS diet was significantly lower than that of other diets. A similar pattern was observed in apparent digestibility of energy. NFE digestibility of fish fed the test diets was significantly affected by carbohydrate and significantly correlated to DM (r = 0.97, p<0.01) and energy (r = 0.99, p<0.01) digestibilities, regardless of water temperature and fish size. NFE digestibility of the fish fed the ${\beta}$-starch diets was relatively lower compared to that of the ${\alpha}$-starch diets, and ranged from 35 to 43% and 20 to 27% for B-PS and B-CS, respectively. The present findings indicate that carbohydrate and water temperature significantly affected digestibilities of dry matter, energy and nitrogen-free extract of rockfish. Among dietary carbohydrates, ${\alpha}$-potato starch could be effectively used as dietary carbohydrate energy for rockfish at 13$^{\circ}C$ and 20$^{\circ}C$.