• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 2003

Fruits and vegetables reportedly have a protective effect against hyperlipidemia and oxidative disease. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the lipid-lowering effect and antioxidative capacity of persimmon leaf extract (PLE) in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Male rats were fed a high-cholesterol (1% wt/wt) or high-cholesterol diet supplemented with Lovastatin (0.02% wt/wt) or PLE (0.2% wt/wt) for 5 weeks. The concentration of plasma total cholesterol was significantly lower in the PLE group than in the lovastatin group. However, the concentration of plasma HDL-cholesterol and the ratio of HDL-cholesterol/total-cholesterol (%) were significantly higher in the PLE group than in the control group. The PLE supplement also significantly lowered the contents of hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride. In comparing fecal sterol contents, the PLE group saw a significant increase of both neutral and acidic sterol compared to the other groups. The PLE supplement significantly lowered plasma GOT and GPT activity, which ave indices of hepatic toxicity. Plasma TBARS concentration was significantly lower in the PLE group than in the control group, while hepatic TBARS level was not significantly different between the groups. In a comparison of hepatic antioxidant parameters, SOD, catalase and GSH-Px activity were significantly higher in the PLE group than in the control group. However, the PLE supplement significantly towered antioxidant enzyme activity in the erythrocyte. Furthermore, these results suggest that supplementation of PLE promoted the excretion of fecal sterols, thereby leading to decreased absorption of dietary cholesterol. In addition, PLE may play an important role in regulating antioxidative capacities by altering SOD and ChT activity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.185-193
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• 1989

This study was performed to investigate lead(Pb) detoxification with different dietary protein levels and detoxifying periods in Pb poisoned rats. Forty nine male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 114$\pm$4g were used and they were fed 1% Pb-15% casein diet ad libitum for 2 weeks. After sacrifying 7 animals as control group, remaining forty two rats were blocked into 6 groups according to body weight. Three groups were fed each detoxifying diet(5%, 15% or 40% casein diet without Pb) for 1 week and the other 3 groups were fed same diets for 3 weeks. The results obtained were summerized as follows ; 1) Liver and kidney weight, bone weight, and bone length were increased with increasing dietary protein level and detoxifying period. 2) Hematocrit values were recovered to normal level during detoxifiying periods but hemoglobin contents in detoxifying diet groups showed no significant difference from those in control group. 3)Pb contents in blood were decreased with increasing dietary protein level, and Pb contents in liver were significantly decreased in high protein diet groups. Pb contents in kidney were significantly decreased during detoxifying period compared to control group, but no significant difference was shown within the detoxifying diet groups. Pb contents in femur were significantly decreased after 3 weeks of detoxifying period but no difference was shown with different dietary protein level. 4) Urinary Pb excretions were significantly increased with increasing dietary protein level. Fecal Pb excretions were remarkably decreased after 3 weeks of detoxifying period, but no difference was showen in fecal Pb excretions with different dietary protein level. Above results suggest that high protein diet improves Pb detoxification by increasing urinary Pb excretion.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.273-280
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• 2004

This study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary iron levels on lipid metabolism, antioxidative and antithrombogenic capacities in 16-month-old rats. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley male 16-month-old rats weighing 618 $\pm$ 6 g were raised for 10 days with medium-iron diet (35 ppm in diet) and blocked into 4 groups according to their body weights. One of groups was sacrificed to obtain initial data and the rest 3 groups were raised for 3 months with experimental diets containing different levels of iron (5 ppm, 35 ppm, and 350 ppm). Total lipid, triglyceride and total chole-sterol concentrations in plasma and liver, HDL-cholesterol concentration in plasma, fecal total lipid triglyceride and total cholesterol excretions, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level in plasma LDL + VLDL (low density lipoprotein + very low density lipoprotein) fractions, blood-clotting time and eicosanoids levels in plasma were measured. The results are as follows: Plasma total lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations, TBARS level in plasma LDL + VLDL fractions were increased and blood-clotting time tended to be shortened during 3 months of experimental period. Low (5 ppm) iron diet improved lipid metabolism via increasing HDL-cholesterol and fecal choles-terol excretion. High (350 ppm) iron diet decreased plasma total lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations as compared to medium (35 ppm) iron diet and lowered body weight and epididymal fat pad weight. On the other hand, TBARS level in plasma LDL + VLDL fractions and blood-clotting time were increased with high iron diet. It is plausible that low iron diet improves lipid metabolism, antioxidative and antithrombogenic capacities in 16-month-old rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.380-385
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• 2005

This study was designed to investigate the effects of mulberry leaf powder supplementation on lead (Pb) status and mineral (Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn) content in Pb-administered rats for 4 weeks. Thirty two male rats were divided into 4 groups: a control, Pb, Pb5M (500 ppm $Pb + 5\%$ mulberry leaf powder), and Pb10M (500 ppm $Pb + 10\%$ mulberry leaf powder). There were no significant differences in food intake and initial body weight among groups. Mulberry leaf powder treatments showed significant decreases in food efficiency ratio and body weight gain. But FER of $Pb5M\%$ and Pb10M were significantly increases than that of Pb group. The levels of serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and creatinine were decreased by mulberry leaf powder treatment. Minerals content of liver and kidney were significantly decreased in the Pb groups than that of control group. Whereas, fecal minerals content were significantly increased in the Pb5M and Pb10M than those of control group. Pb content of serum, liver and kidney was significantly increased in the Pb group than those of control group. However, by mulberry leaf powder administration (Pb5M and Pb10M), Pb level of serum, liver and kidney were lowered than that of Pb group. And fecal Pb excretion was significantly increased in the Pb5M and Pb10M than that of Pb group. These results showed mulberry leaves were effective for lowing Pb accumulation in serum, organs, which may have potential to prevent Pb toxicity.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.921-925
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• 2003

Intestinal lymphangiectasia, one of the protein-losing gastroenteropathies, is an uncommon disease characterized by dilated intestinal lymphatics, enteric protein loss, edema, hypoalbuminemia, and lympocytopenia. Small bowel biopsy and CT have been used to confirm the diagnosis of intestinal lymphangiectasia. Small bowel biopsy shows collections of abnormal dilated lacteals in submucosa with distortion of villi and CT findings have been described as diffuse nodular thickening of the small bowel and as linear hypodense streaking densities in the small bowel caused by dilated lymphatic channels. Demonstration of increased enteric protein loss using $^{51}Cr-$, $^{131}I-$ or $^{99m}Tc-labeled$ albumin, timed measurement of fecal excretion of radioactivity or by measuring fecal clearance of alpha 1-antitrypsin can also help the diagnosis. We experienced a rare case of intestinal lymphangiectasia in an eight year old boy who presented with facial edema, abdominal distension and intermittent diarrhea. We report a patient with intestinal lymphangiectasia, in whom abdominal CT, $^{99m}Tc-labeled$ albumin scintitigraphy, and stool alpha 1-antitrypsin measurement played key roles in determining the diagnosis. A brief review of literature was made.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.958-970
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary calcium level on cadmium and lead toxicity in rats. Fifty-four male rats of Sprague-Dawely strain weighing 152$\pm$12g were blocked into 9 groups according to body weight, and were raised for 30 days. Nine experimental diets different with cadmium(0%, 0.04%), lead (0%, 0.071%) and calcijm(0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%) levels were prepared. The results are summarized as follow. Weight gain, F.E.R.(food efficiency ratio), and weights of liver, kidney and femur were lower in cadmium exposed groups than those of heavy metal free groups. Weight gain F.E.R. and ash weight of lead groups were lower than those of heavy metal free groups. But, these were increased with increasing dietary calcium level. Cadmium and lead concentrations in blood, liver, kidney and femur were lower in rats fed 1.5% calcium than 0.5% calcium diet. Fecal cadmium and lead excretions were remarkably increased in 1.5% calcium groups, and cadmium and lead retention rates were decreased in 1.5% calcium groups. Metallothionein concentrations in liver, kidney and small intestine were higher in rats exposed to cadmium and lead. Calcium content in blood, femur and daily urinary and fecal calcium excretion were decreased by cadmium and lead additions, and increased in 1.5% calcium groups. Creatinine clearance were decreased with cadmium administratino and calcium addition. In conclusion, weight gain and organ weights were decreased with cadmium or lead administration. But, cadmium administration was more toxic than lead adminstration. Cadmium or lead toxicity was alleviated by increasing dietary calcium level. Especially, lead toxicity was alleviated in proportion to dietary calcium level.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.20-30
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• 1984

This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of the mixing ratio of soyprotein and casein, and the level of pectin combined with the mixture on lipid metabolism in rats. Forty-eight male weanling rats of Wistar strain weighing 58.8\;{\pm}\;1.9g$ were divided into six groups by completely randomized block design and fed 10% protein diet for four weeks. Two types of protein mixtures (casein to soyprotein mixing ratio of 1 : 3 and 2: 1)combined with 0.5% , 3%, and 5% of pectin were employed for experimental diets. The results obtained in the study are summarized as follows ; 1) Feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio were not significantly different among six groups for the whole experimental period, but those for high casein-low pectin group were significantly higher than the ones for high soy-high pectin group at 4th week of the experimental period. 2) Gross fecal dried weight and fecal lipid excretion were higher in high pectin groups of both protein combinations. Therefore, the apparent fat digestibility and absorption appeared to be significantly low in high pectin groups. 3) Pectin was effective in lowering serum lipid and cholesterol levels in high casein groups, but no effect of pectin was noted in high soyprotein groups. 4) Lipid and cholesterol contents of the liver were higher in high soy-low pectin group than the others. And no marked differences in lipid and cholesterol contents in the kidney and carcass were observed.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 2001

Ginseng may have antioxidant and pharmacologic effects similar to those of vitamin E. The interactive effect of ginseng and vitamin E was studied with respect to cholesterol metabolism and the antioxidant status. A ginseng supplement (0.1%, wt/wt) with comparable levels of vitamin E was provided with a high-cholesterol (1%, wt/wt) diet to rats for 5 weeks. The amount of vitamin E included in the ginseng-free and ginseng diets was either a low (low-E) or a normal (normal-E) level. The ginseng supplements significantly (p<0.05) altered the concentrations of plasma triglycerides in both the low-vitamin E group and normal-vitamin E group compared to the each ginseng-free group. The hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol content were not significantly (p>0.05) different between groups regardless of the vitamin E level in the diet. The hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity was significantly (p<0.05) lowered by the ginseng supplement in both the low-vitamin E and the normal-vitamin E groups compared to the ginseng-free group. The HMG-CoA reductase activity was also significantly (p<0.05) lowered with in increase of the dietary vitamin E in the ginseng-free group. The excretion of fecal neutral sterol was significantly (p<0.05) lower in the normal-E ginseng group than th low-E ginseng-free group. Neither dietary ginseng nor vitamin E significantly changed the hepatic antioxidant enzymes activity. This data indicates that ginseng supplements lower the concentration of plasma triglyceride and hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity regardless of eh dietary vitamin E level. This information may contribute to understanding the interactive effect of ginseng and vitamin E on cholesterol biosynthesis in high cholesterol-fed rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.485-496
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• 1989

This study was performed to investigate nutritional effect of various dietary fibers on lead absorption and metabolism of protein and lipid in growing rats. Forty eight male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 75.7$\pm$0.7g were blocked into six groups according to body weight and fed six kinds of diet different with fiber source(non-fiber, cellulose, pectin) and lead level(0%, 1% ) for 4 weeks. Results are summerized as follows: 1) Food intake, weight gain, FER and PER were remarkably decreased in lead(Pb) added groups, and FER and PER in Pb-added pectin group were significantly lower than those in Pb-added non-fiber group. 2) Weight of liver, kidney and epididymal fat pad, bone weight and length, hematocrit, and hemoglobin content were decreased in Pb-added groups. 3) Total protein content in serum was tended to be decreased in Pb-added groups, but total lipid and cholesterol contents in serum were not different with dietary Pb level and fiber source. 4) Nitrogen, lipid and cholesterol content in liver were tended to be deceased in Pb-added groups, and especially those of the Pb-added pectin group were the lowest among groups. 5) Daily urinary and fecal excretions of nitrogen, lipid and cholesterol were decreased in Pb-added groups. Especially fecal excretions of nitrogen, lipid and cholesterol in Pb-free groups were significantly increased by dietary cellulose and pectin. 6) Pb content in blood was significantly increased in Pb-added pectin group. There was no significant decrease in Pb contents of liver, kidney and tibia, and increase in excretion of Pb by feeding dietary fibers. In conculsion, dietary fibers had no effect on the absorption of Pb, and dietary pectin seemed to increase Pb poisoning by decreasing bioavailibility of protein, lipid and other nutrients in the diet.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.210-217
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate effects of the experimental mixture containing soybean peptides, L-carnitine and Garcinia Cambogia extract on body weight and lipid metabolism in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=40) of eight weeks old were raised for four weeks with high fat diet (40% fat as calorie) to induce obesity. After induction of obesity, rats were feed control (C) diet, containing either 0.16% (+1D), 1.6% (+10D), 8% (+50D) of experimental mixture for eight weeks. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and total protein and albumin concentration were not different among groups. The Body weight gain was significantly lower in experimental mixture diet group compared to control group. Weights of perirenal fat pad and epididymal fat pad in the +50D group were significantly lower than those in the +1D and +10D groups. Plasma total lipid and liver total cholesterol levels in the experimental groups were significantly lower than those in the control group. Fecal total lipid and total cholesterol excretions were highest in +50D group. These results suggest that the experimental mixture containing peptides, L-carnitine and Garsinia Canbogia extract is effective for reducing the body weight and adipose tissue weight which may be due to the modulation of lipid metabolism and the increased fecal excretion of lipid.