• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.68-74
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• 2010

Since ${NO_3}^-$ is amore favorable electron acceptor than Fe, high ${NO_3}^-$ loads function as a redox buffer limiting the reduction of Fe and following release of ${PO_4}^{3-}$ in flooded paddy soil. The effect ${NO_3}^-$ loaded through irrigation water on Fe reduction and ${PO_4}^{3-}$ release in paddy soil was investigated. Pot experiment was conducted where irrigation water containing 5 or 10 mg N $L^{-1}$ of ${NO_3}^-$ was continuously applied at 1 cm $day^{-1}$, and changes of ${NO_3}^-$, $Fe^{2+}$ and ${PO_4}^{3-}$ concentrations in soil solution at 5 and 10 cm depths beneath the soil surface were monitored as a function of time. Irrigation of rice paddy with water containing 5 mg N $L^{-1}$ of ${NO_3}^-$ led to reduced release of $Fe^{2+}$ and prevented solubilization of P at 5 cm depth beneath the soil surface. And application of irrigation water containing 10 mg N $L^{-1}$ of ${NO_3}^-$ could further suppress Fe reduction and solubilization of P through 10 cm depth soil layer beneath the surface. These results suggest that the introduction of high level ${NO_3}^-$ with irrigation water in rice paddy can strongly limit Fe reduction and P solubilization in root zone soil layer in addition to the excessive supply of N to rice plants.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.84 no.3
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• pp.182-187
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• 2021

Background: Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a non-invasive marker for eosinophilic airway inflammation and a good predictor of response to corticosteroids. There is a need for a reliable and accurate measurement method, as FeNO measurements have been widely used in clinical practice. Our study aimed to compare two FeNO analyzers and derive a conversion equation for FeNO measurements in adults. Methods: We included 99 participants who had chief complaints of chronic cough and difficulty in breathing. The participants underwent concurrent FeNO measurement using NIOX VERO (Circassia AB) and NObreath (Bedfont). We compared the values of the two devices and analyzed their correlation and agreement. We then formulated an equation to convert FeNO values measured by NObreath into those obtained by NIOX VERO. Results: The mean age of the participants was 51.2±17.1 years, with a female predominance (58.6%). Approximately 60% of the participants had asthma. The FeNO level measured by NIOX VERO (median, 27; interquartile range [IQR], 15-45) was significantly lower than that measured by NObreath (median, 38; IQR, 22-58; p<0.001). There was a strong positive correlation between the two devices (r=0.779, p<0.001). Additionally, Bland-Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficient demonstrated a good agreement. Using linear regression, we derived the following conversion equation: natural log (Ln) (NObreath)=0.728×Ln (NIOX VERO)+1.244. Conclusion: The FeNO values of NIOX VERO and NObreath were in good agreement and had positive correlations. Our proposed conversion equation could help assess the accuracy of the two analyzers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.221-228
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• 2010

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of Fe-soy proteinate chelate (Fe-SP) on sows milk, piglet blood parameters and performance. A total of 15 sows of 3 wk before parturition and pigs after births to 3 wk were assigned to three dietary treatments: control (sow-basal diet, piglets with Fe injection); Fe-SP 100 (Fe 100 ppm as Fe-SP in sow and piglet diet); Fe-SP 200 (Fe 200 ppm as Fe-SP in sow and piglet diet). Each treatment had 5 replicates (sows) of six piglets per sow randomly selected from the same offspring. For this experiment, Fe-SP was manufactured. There were no significant differences among treatments in number of pigs born in total or alive per litter, birth weight, number of pigs weaned per litter and weaning weight. However, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio significantly (p<0.05) decreased as the supplementation level of Fe-SP increased. There were no significant differences among treatments in Fe content at 3 wk before parturition in sow blood. However, Fe content at 2 wk before parturition in sow blood significantly (p<0.05) increased as the supplementation of Fe-SP. While there were no significant differences among treatments in Fe content at 1 wk before parturition in sow blood, it tended to increase as the supplementation level of Fe-SP increased. There were no significant differences among treatments in Fe content of sow milk. However, it tended to increase as the supplementation level of Fe-SP increased. Iron content in the blood of piglets was significantly (p<0.05) higher in control (Fe injected) than Fe-SP 100 and Fe-SP 200 treatments at $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ wk but it was significantly higher in Fe-SP 200 than others in $3^{rd}$ wk. Zinc content in the blood also significantly (p<0.05) increased as the Fe-SP supplementation level increased in $3^{rd}$ wk. In conclusion, Fe-SP supplementation significantly affected Fe content in the blood of piglets. Iron injection was more effective at $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ wk, while Fe-SP 200 supplementation was effective at $3^{rd}$ wk in improving blood Fe level in piglets.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.175-180
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• 2003

Microbial Fe(III) reduction is an important factor for biogeochemical cycle in anaerobic environments, especially sediment of freshwater such as lakes, ponds and rivers. In addition, the Fe(III) reduction serves as a model for potential mechanisms for the oxidation of organic compounds and the reduction of toxic heavy metals, such as chrome or uranium. Shewanella putrefaciens DK-1 was a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic Fe(III) reducer and used ferric ion as a terminal electron acceptor for the oxidation of organic compounds to $CO_{2}$ or other oxidized metabolites. The ability of reducing activity and utilization of various electron acceptors and donors for S. putrefaciens DK-1 were investigated. S. putrefaciens DK-1 was capable of using a wide variety of electron acceptor, including $NO_{3}^{-}$, Fe(III), AQDS, and Mn(IV). However, its ability to utilize electron donors was limited. Lactate and formate were used as electron donors but acetate and toluene were not used. Fe(III) reduction of S. putrefaciens DK-l was inhibited by the presence of either $NO_{3}^{-}$ or $NO_{2}^{-}$. Further S. putrefaciens DK-1 used humic acid as an electron acceptor and humic acid was re-oxidized by nitrate. Environmental samples showing the Fe(III)-reducing activity were used to investigate effects of the limiting factors such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus on the Fe(III) reducing bacteria. The highest Fe (III) reducing activity was measured, when lactate as a carbon source and S. putrefaciens DK-1 as an Fe(III) reducer added in untreated sediment samples of Cheon-ho and Dae-ho reservoirs.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.256-263
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the separation of cesium cations by using an electrochemical ion exchanger of nickel hexacyanoferrate($KNiFe(CN)_6$) film electrode. Potential, current, and charge passing through the cyclic voltammograms were measured in singular and binary solutions of 1.0M $NaNO_3$ and 1.0M $CsNO_3$. Before and after each experiment, the structural morphology and atomic composition of $KNiFe(CN)_6$ were analyzed by SEM and EDS, respectively. The ion selectivity of $KNiFe(CN)_6$ was also observed by the voltammograms and atomic compositions measured in the solution alternated between sodium and cesium. As the result of this study, it was found that the electrically switched $KNiFe(CN)_6$ ion exchanger had the significant advantage of 40 times or longer durability than conventional organic or inorganic ion exchanger. It was also shown that the $KNiFe(CN)_6$ ion exchanger had high selectivity for cesium over sodium.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.56 no.10
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• pp.424-430
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• 2013

Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) has been extensively investigated as a noninvasive marker of airway inflammation in asthma. The increased NO expression induced by inflammatory mediators in airways can be monitored easily in exhaled air from asthmatic children. Based on the relationship between the increased NO expression and eosinophilic airway inflammation, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurements become an important adjunct for the evaluation of asthma. In addition, the availability of portable devices makes it possible to measure FeNO more easily and frequently in the routine pediatric practice. Despite various confounding factors affecting its levels, FeNO can be applicable in diagnosing asthma, monitoring treatment response, evaluating asthma control, and predicting asthma exacerbations. Thus, although pulmonary function tests are the standard tools for objective measurements of asthmatic control, FeNO can broaden the way of asthma monitoring and supplement standard clinical asthma care guidelines.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.2390-2395
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• 2009

In the condition of GHSV=$30000\;hr^{-1}$, $NO_x$ removal yield was higher as mole ratio of $SiO_2/Al_2O_3$ for Fe/ZSM-5 was lower regardless of preparation method such as CVD (chemical vapor deposition) and dry impregnation. In addition to this, Fe/ZSM-5 catalyst showed about 50% $NO_x$ removal yield between $350^{\circ}C$ - $400^{\circ}C$ while CO formed significantly. To remove newly formed CO over Fe/ZSM-5, Co-Pt/ZSM-5 was used in conjunction with Fe/ZSM-5 in the series and this demonstrated over 90% removal yield of both NOx and CO at $250^{\circ}C$ and GHSV=$30000\;hr^{-1}$.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.973-983
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• 2019

It is well known that iron is critical for bacterial growth and pathogenic virulence. Due to chemical similarity, $Ga^{3+}$ competes with $Fe^{3+}$ for binding to compounds that usually bind $Fe^{3+}$, thereby interfering with various essential biological reactions. In our present study, gallium(III) nitrate [$Ga(NO_3)_3$] could repress the growth of V. splendidus Vs without complete inhibition. In the presence of $Ga(NO_3)_3$, the secretion of homogentisic acid-melanin (HGA-melanin) in V. splendidus Vs cells could be increased by 4.8-fold, compared to that in the absence of $Ga(NO_3)_3$. HGA-melanin possessed the ability to reduce $Fe^{3+}$ to $Fe^{2+}$. In addition, HGA-melanin increased the mRNA levels of feoA and feoB, genes coding Fe2+ transport system proteins to 1.86- and 6.1-fold, respectively, and promoted bacterial growth to 139.2%. Similarly, the mRNA expression of feoA and feoB was upregulated 4.11-fold and 2.71-fold in the presence of $640{\mu}M$ $Ga(NO_3)_3$, respectively. In conclusion, our study suggested that although $Ga(NO_3)_3$ could interfere with the growth of V. splendidus Vs, it could also stimulate both the production of $Fe^{3+}$-reducing HGA-melanin and the expression of feoA and feoB, which facilitate $Fe^{2+}$ transport in V. splendidus Vs.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.89-95
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• 2015

Purpose: House dust mite (HDM) has been suggested to be the most important aeroallergen responsible for atopic asthma in Korea. We aimed to investigate that specific IgE antibodies to HDM and other common indoor aeroallergens contribute differently to total serum IgE and show different relationships with longitudinal fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurements in Korean atopic asthmatic patients. Methods: A total of 193 children aged 8 to 16 years with intermittent or mild persistent atopic asthma were recruited. Sera were assayed for total IgE and specific IgE antibodies to HDM and other common indoor allergens. FeNO was serially measured 10 times or more over 2 years when subjects were not receiving controller medications. Results: In 152 children who completed the study, IgE antibodies to specific HDM were more prevalent than those to other common indoor aeroallergens. In addition, IgE antibody titers to HDM were the strongest contributor to total IgE increases. Furthermore, only HDM-specific IgE antibody titer significantly correlated with maximum FeNO (r=0.21, P=0.029) and the rate of FeNO higher than 21 parts per billion (ppb) (r=0.30, P=0.002). Eight patients (5%) were found to have maximum FeNO of 21 ppb or less, suggesting the presence of a low FeNO phenotype among atopic asthmatic patients. Conclusion: The quantity of HDM-specific IgE antibody provides a possible explanation for increases of total IgE and significantly correlates with the amount and frequency of FeNO increases in Korean atopic asthmatic patients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.258-267
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• 1982

This study was performed to investigate the effect of different levels of protein and iron in the diet upon Fe, Cu and Zn metabolism in rat during four weeks of growing period. Forty-five male weanling rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing $68.5{\pm}1.1g$ were divided into 9 groups and each group was given with one of the 9 different kinds of diets for four weeks. The three dietary protein levels used were 5, 20 and 40% and Fe levels 0, 35, and 350 ppms. The results obtained were summarized as following ; 1) Food intake and body weight gain in 20%(SP) and 40%(HP) dietary protein groups tended to be significantly higher than 5%(LP) protein groups. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) was higher in LP groups than in HP and SP groups. With dietary Fe levels, there were no significant differences among groups in food intake, body weight gain, and PER. 2) In LP groups, the Fe concentrations in liver, kidney, and hind limb muscle were higher than in SP and HP groups. Regarding with dietary protein levels, the liver Cu concentrations in LP groups were slightly higher, but the liver Zn concentrations were lower in LP groups. The Fe concentrations in liver and kidney tended to decrease with decrease in dietary Fe levels, but Cu and Zn concentrations showed no consistent tendency with dietary Fe levels. 3) The Fe, Cu and Zn concentrations in serum were not different from dietary treatments except that the serum Fe concentrations increased slightly in LP groups. 4) The Fe and Cu concentrations in urine tended to be higher in HP groups. Fecal Cu and Zn concentrations showed no significant differences in dietary protein or Fe levels, but the Fe concentrations tended to increase with increase in dietary Fe levels.