• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제33권8호
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• pp.802-812
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of resistant starch(RS) in hyperchlesterolemia and colon cancer. The subjects of this study was eight college women participating in the general starch diet(GSD) period for 5 days and resistant starch diet(RSD) period for 7 days. RSD contains 30g or the RS. On the last day of each program blood were collected. And for the last 3 days of each diet period, the amount of all the food consumed by the subjects and feces were collected. Food was measured to determine and compared the energy, protein and fat intakes. The amount of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and volatile fatty acids in plasma and the amounts of bile acids in feces were measured by gas chromatography. The results obtained were as follows, Daily energy intake was higher in the RSD compared with the GSD, Protein and fat intakes were lower in the RSD compared with the compared with the GSD. Volatile fatty acid contents in plasma, the amounts of acetic acid, propionic acid and valeric acid were higher in the RSD compared with the GSD. The amounts of bile acids in feces, cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid were higher in the RSD compared with the GSD, But the amount of deoxycholic acid n the RSD period was significantly low. Secondary/primary ratios of bile acids was lower in the RSD compared with GSD, respectively. We speculate that , RS consumption decreases colonic mucosal proliferation as a result of the decreased formation of cytotoxic secondary bile acids. Thus, RS intakes may contribute the prevention of heart disease and colon cancer in humans. (Korean J Nutrition 33(8) : 802-812, 2000)

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.451-460
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate the volatile compounds of Korean traditional gochujang from various districts. The volatiles from each traditional gochujang are being extracted by simultaneous steam distillation extraction (SDE), and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Twenty compounds are identified as major volatile components which include 8 esters, 4 alcohols and 4 acids. The most traditional gochujang possesses more volatile components rather than commercial gochujang products. Most acids come from fatty acids and the alcohols derive from the oxidative degradation of linolenic acid. The most abundant volatile compounds for both traditional and commercial gochujang include 10 compounds such as 2-methyl-1-propanol, hexanal, 2-methyl-1-butanol, octanoic acid ethyl ester, as well as the various type of acids and esters. They represent most of the total GC peak areas, respectively. From the results, the characteristics of the flavors for traditional gochujang from each district are not clear but have shown various components than the commercial products.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.1116-1122
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the effect of sunflower seeds, either as whole or as oil, on rumen fermentation, milk production, milk composition and fatty acids profile in dairy goats. Fifteen lactating Damascus goats were divided randomly into three groups (n = 5) fed a basal diet of concentrate feed mixture and fresh Trifolium alexandrinum at 50:50 on dry matter basis (Control) in addition to 50 g/head/d sunflower seeds whole (SS) or 20 mL/head/d sunflower seeds oil (SO) in a complete randomized design. Milk was sampled every two weeks during 90 days of experimental period for chemical analysis and rumen was sampled at 30, 60, and 90 days of the experiment for ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids (tVFA), and ammonia-N determination. Addition of SO decreased (p = 0.017) ruminal pH, whereas SO and SS increased tVFA (p<0.001) and acetate (p = 0.034) concentrations. Serum glucose increased (p = 0.013) in SO and SS goats vs Control. The SO and SS treated goats had improved milk yield (p = 0.007) and milk fat content (p = 0.002). Moreover, SO increased milk lactose content (p = 0.048) and feed efficiency (p = 0.046) compared to Control. Both of SS and SO increased (p<0.05) milk unsaturated fatty acids content specially conjugated linolenic acid (CLA) vs Control. Addition of SS and SO increased (p = 0. 021) C18:3N3 fatty acid compared to Control diet. Data suggested that addition of either SS or SO to lactating goats ration had beneficial effects on milk yield and milk composition with enhancing milk content of healthy fatty acids (CLA and omega 3), without detrimental effects on animal performance.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.219-227
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• 1995

Natto is a Japanese tradiational food made from whole soybeans by the fermentation of Bacillus natto. This study was attempted to improve the taste of Natto, garlic(2%) and red pepper oleoresin(0.2%) were added. Conventional Natto(N-1), garlic Natto(N-2), red pepper oleoresin Natto(N-3), garlic and red pepper oleoresin Natto(N-4) were prepared. Volatile flavor components, fatty acid, organic acid, pH and titratable acdity in all samples were investigated. The experimental results revealed the presence of 62 volatile components in conventional Natto. Among there, the major flavor compounds were identified to be 2, 5-dimethylpyrazine, trimethyl-pyrazine, 2, 6-bis91, 1-dimethylethyl) phenol. Seventy-one volatile compounds were detected in N-2, and major compounds were identified to be methyl-2-propenyl disulfide, 2, 6-bis(1, 1-dimethylethyl)phenol and 2, 5-dimethylpyrazine. The amounts of volatile compounds, 2-methyoxyphenol and 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid increased by addition of garlic, where as, 1,2 -propanediol, 1-hexanol and 2, 5-dimethylpyrazine decreased. The compounds, 4, 5-dihydroxy-5-propyl-1H-pyrazole, 1, 1, 3-trimethylcyclopentane were identified in N-3. The compounds, such as trimethylpyrazine, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine increased by addition of red pepper oleoresin, whereas 1,2-propanediol, 1-hexanol and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine decreased. Fatty acid compositions were mainly consisted of linoleic acid(43.66~55.89%) and followed by oleic, palmitic, linolenic, stearic, arachidic, myristic acid. The organic acids we4re identified to be citric(28.2~30.6), acetic(50.0~73.3) and pyroglutamic acid(2.1~3.7).

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.1221-1227
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• 1997

To measure nutritional components and physical quality of Wanja-jeon(Korean pan fried meat balls)was investigated during storage in a simulated hospital cook/chill foodservice system. The Wanja-jeon was cooked and stored for 4 weeks in chill conditions of 2 and 7$^{\circ}C$ and then reheated in the microwave oven. Moisture, protein, and fat contents were decreased little during 4 weeks storage at 2 and 7$^{\circ}C$. Total unsaturated fatty acids(TUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) increased slightly at 7$^{\circ}C$ storage. Total free amino acid contents were reduced after 4 weeks of storage, while total amino acids were affected little during chilled storage. However, volatile basic nitrogen(VBN) increased during the 4 weeks storage from 11.2mg%, immediately after cooking, to 14.1~14.2mg%. After reheating, thiobarbituric acid(TBA) value increased more significantly to 0.19 and 0.20.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.529-536
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• 1986

젓갈의 품질개선을 목적으로 식염의 일부를 KCl, sorbitol, lactic acid와 고춧가루알콜추출물로 대체하여 당근 저식염조기젓($Y_3,\;4\%$ 식염함량)을 재래식젓($Y_1,\;20\%$ 식염함량)과 함께 숙성중의 휘발성성분을 비교분석하였으며 또한 지방산조함의 변화도 실험하였다. 원료조기의 지질구성비율은 중성지질이 $78.1\%$, 인지질이 $21.2\%$, 당지질이 $0.7\%$이었으며 총지질의 조성은 monoene산이 $37.4\%$로 가장 많았고 다음으로 포화산이 $34.8\%$, polyene산이 $27.7\%$이었다. 숙성중에는 polyene산($C_{22:6},\;C_{22:5},\;C_{20:5}$)의 경우 조기젓 $Y_3$이 $Y_1$에 비해 감소폭이 적었으나 전반적으로 둘다 감소한 반면에 포화산($C_{16:0},\;C_{18:0},\;C_{14:0}$)은 계속 증가하였고 monoene산($C_{16:1}\;C_{18:1}$)은 큰 변동이 없었다. 그리고 산가와 카르보닐가등도 숙성중 계속 증가하였으며 알콜을 첨가한 조기젓 $Y_3$은 $Y_1$에 비해 그 함량이 낮았다. 완숙기(숙성 90일경)의 조기젓, $Y_1,\;Y_3$의 전휘발성성분중 33종의 물질을 동정하였는데 주로 탄화수소류(8종), 알콜류(7종), 산류(6종), 알데히드류(4종), 함황화합물(2종), 케톤류(2종), 페놀(1종)과 기타물질(3종)로 구성되어 있었다. 조기젓 $Y_3$에서는 그중 2-ethoxy ethanol이 전체의 $79.36\%$를, $Y_1$에서는 nonadecane이 $75.85\%$를 차지하였다. 그리고 숙성기간중 저급휘발성산(8종), 염기(5종), 가르보닐화합물(9종)을 분리동정하였는데 완숙기의 조기젓 $Y_3$에서는 acetic acid, isovaleric acid, n-caproic acid, n-butyric acid가 휘발성산의 주류이었으며, 카르보닐화합물에서는 ethanal, 2-butanone, butanal등이고 염기에서는 TMA가 대부분이었다. 그리고 재래식젓과 비교하여 볼 때 각휘발성성분조성에는 큰 차이가 없고 함량비가 달랐으며, 조기젓의 냄새성분은 어느 특정성분에 의한 것 이라기 보다 여러 성분들의 상호조화에 의하여 젓갈특유의 풍미를 나타내는 것으로 볼 수 있었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.87-91
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• 1988

제지(製紙)슬러지가 논 토양(土壤)의 고급지방산변화(高級脂肪酸變化)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 검토(檢討)하기 위하여 슬러지의 시용량(施用量)을 300, 600, 900 및 1,200kg/10a으로 달리하여 pot 시험(試驗)을 실시(實施)함으로써 토양중(土壤中) 시기별(時期別) 고급지방산조성변화(高級脂肪酸組成變化)를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 토양중(土壤中) 고급지방산(高級脂肪酸)은 전시기(全時期)에 있어서 모든 처리구(處理區) 공(共)히 21종(種)이 검출(檢出)되었고 그 중 동정(同定)된 고급지방산(高級脂肪酸)은 lauric, myristic, myristoric, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic 및 arachidic acids 의 10종(種)이었으며, 전반적(全般的)으로 stearic > palmitic > myristic > linoleic > oleic acid 순(順)으로 높았다. 2. 토양중(土壤中) 고급지방산함량(高級脂肪酸含量)은 제지(製紙)슬러지 시용량(施用量)이 많을수록 증가(增加)하였으며 유효분벽기(有效分蘗期)가 가장 높았고 그 이후부터는 시일(時日)이 경과할수록 모든 처리(處理) 공(共)히 감소(減少)하는 경향(傾向)이었다. 토양중(土壤中) 고급지방산(高級脂肪酸)과 휘발성저급(揮發性低級) 지방산함량간(脂肪酸含量間)에는 고도(高度)의 유의적(有意的)인 정(正)의 상관(相關)이 있었다.

• 분석과학
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.364-374
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• 2013

주요 악취물질 10 종을 분석하여 환기방식과 분뇨수거방식이 다른 제주지역 4 개 돈사의 악취물질 배출특성과 기여도를 조사하였다. 연구 결과 질소계열($NH_3$, TMA)은 겨울철에 농도가 높았고, 무창형 스크레퍼방식이 다른 돈사에 비해 농도가 높았다. 황화합물($H_2S$, $CH_3SH$, DMS, DMDS)과 휘발성 지방산(PA, n-BA, n-VA, iso-VA) 역시 겨울철에 높고, 무창형 스크레퍼와 무창형 슬러리방식 돈사에서 다소 높은 농도를 나타내었다. 환기방식별로는 무창형 돈사가 개방형돈사에서 비해 농도가 더 높고, 분뇨수거 방식별로는 슬러리방식에서 질소와 황 계열의 농도가 높고 스크레퍼방식에서는 휘발성 지방산 계열이 상대적으로 더 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 악취지수는 4 개의 돈사에서 모두 n-BA 성분이 높게 나타나 휘발성 지방산이 주요 악취원인물질로 조사되었다. 그리고 총악취지수(SOQ)는 무창형 스크레퍼방식 돈사에서 더 높고, 악취기여도는 휘발성 지방산이 모든 돈사에서 높은 결과를 나타내었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.80-88
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• 2001

This study was carried out to evaluate the different physicochemical properties of various lipid sources in beef patties during storage for 6 months. Four groups of samples were made of beef meat patties with 22% of tallow, lard, chicken fat and 20% of palm oil. On the analysis result of physicochemical compositions, the patty has its own fatty acids composition and characteristic different from other lipids. Patty with chicken fat has the highest percentage of unsaturated fatty acid composition of 61.0% compared to the other groups of patties. Beef patty with chicken fat has 18.8% of poly unsaturated fatty acid(USFA) and beef patty with beef lipid has 1.5% of poly USFA which is the least percentage among the others. SFA/USFA ratio of beef patty with chicken lipid was 0.5 which was the least value. The composition of PUFA in beef patty with lard increased to 10.0% from 1.9% over initial value after storage for 6 months. On the contrary, the composition of PUFA in beef patty with chicken fat decreased to 9.2% from 18.8% over initial value after 6 months. Volatile free fatty acids of beef patties were evaluated with four kinds of lipid sources. Formic acid was the most as of 59$\mu\textrm{g}$/g in beef patty with tallow, acetic acid was 15$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, and heptanoic acid was 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/g at starting time of storage. However, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid and caproic acid were not detected. After 6 months, formic acid decreased from 59$\mu\textrm{g}$/g to 7$\mu\textrm{g}$/g in the patty with tallow, from 12$\mu\textrm{g}$/g to non-detect level in the patty with palm oil, but two the others patties slightly increased. Volatile compounds in meat patties were reported nearly 1000 kinds of chemical compounds. Beef patty with tallow has aldehydes 5.3, alcohol 1.3, hydrocarbon 0.8, ketones 0.2, ester 0.1, furans 0.1, acid 0.04, sulfur 0.03 in peak area at starting and increased to aldehydes 8.5, alcohol 2.1, ketones 0.5, ester 1.0, furans 1.5 in peak area during the storage. But only furans was not detected after 6 months of storage. From starting to 6 months, aldehydes increased 2∼10 times, alcohol increased 2∼3 times, acids 4∼50 times and ester 9∼20 times in beef patties with pork lipid, chicken lipid and palm oil. Some volatile compounds such as alcohol, aldehydes and acids in all kinds of patties significantly increased after 6 months of storage. These increases cause oxidative rancidity taste in meat patties. These results showed that selt-life of meat patties with 4 different lipids were not over 6 months even though they were stored at -20$^{circ}C$. Therefore, they should be classified as off-grade because of oxidative rancidity. Although beef patties with tallow are currently common type, the possibility for new type of hamburg patty can be developed by applying different lipids. Finally, we found out new type of beef patty added with lard, which has the best taste and quality compared to the other common types.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.77-87
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• 1987

미국 오하이오주 콜럼버스시에 소재한 하수처리장(an conventional activated sludge treatment plant: 일 평균 처리 용량은 46.4 MGD)을 대상으로 filamentous bulking(Schizothrix calcicola)의 원인규명을 위한 연구가 수행되었다. 하수관거 및 하수처리장내에서의 실제 운영조건을 실험실에서 재현하기 위하여 주정폐수와 하수의 혼합액을 산화시키기 위한 산화조와 활성슬러지 처리조를 설치하여 산화조에서의 유출수를 활성슬러지 처리조에 유입수로 투입하였다. 실험결과로 sludge bulking의 주원인은 하수 관거내에서 혐기성으로 산화되어 유입원 주정폐수와 낮은 용존산소임이 밝혀졌다. 아울러 본 연구대상 하수처리장의 일차침전지에서 대량으로 검출된 volatile fatty acids는 sludge bulking의 지표일 뿐 유일한 원인이 아니며 주원인은 낮은 용존산소하에서 정상적인 슬러지의 성장을 억제하거나 혹은 filamentous microorganisms의 과대성장을 촉진시키나 아직은 그 실체가 규명되지 않은 유기물이라고 사료된다.