• 한국안광학회지
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.33-39
• /
• 2002

18세에서 30세 중반 사이의 남자 35명 여자 21명 총 56명을 대상으로 2시간 동안 VDT 작업을 하도록 한 후, 안구 및 전신 증상 등을 조사하고 순목 횟수, 눈물층파괴시간(BUT), 안검열의 높이, 시력, 타각적 굴절력, 조절력 등을 측정하였다. 안구증상에서는 눈의 피로를 느끼는 사람이 34%로 가장 많았고 시기능증상에서는 물체가 흐려 보이는 증상이 83%, 전신증상에서는 어깨가 아픈 사람이 38%로 가장 높게 나타났다. VDT 작업 중의 순목 횟수가 8/min로 휴식 때의 22/min에 비해 많이 감소했다. VDT 작업 직후의 눈물층파괴시간도 약 7초로 작업 전의 약 12초보다 현저히 감소되었다. 안검열의 높이는 작업 전 7.69mm보다 작업 중에는 9.04mm로 증가하였다. 평균 나안시력은 VDT 작업 전에 0.63에서 작업 후에는 0.57로 약 9.5% 감소하는 경향을 보였고, 타각적 굴절이상은 0.28D 정도 근시화 경향이 보였다. VDT 작업 후 조절력은 1.49D 정도 감소하였는데 주로 조절근점 굴절력의 감소가 원인인 것으로 보인다. 폭주근점 굴절력도 0.87D 감소하였다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제27권5호
• /
• pp.509-519
• /
• 2013

Through the study on judgment of Body form and settle Energy flow(立形定氣) before diagnose the patients, the results are as follows. The observation of the body form is to determine prosperity and deficiency of each internal organ. It is necessary to distinguish Body form loss(形脫) and Body form fullness(形充). Fat man(肥人), Thin man(瘦人), Creamy man(膏人), Muscular man(肉人), Small Fat man(脂人) are discriminated by fat distribution, fat content, and muscle mass. The observation of the body form means the observation of structure disorder, color change, develop part at body, head and face. The observation of the body form that is to determine prosperity and deficiency of each internal organ is from the limited knowledge of the anatomy. The observation of face color is considered by blood perfusion, blood oxygenation and accumulation of carotinoid, bilirubin and change of melanin in the facial skin. The prosperity and the deficiency of energy flow is considered by symptom combined with growth (<40 years) and aging (>40 years). The prosperity of energy flow includes the anger, anxious emotion and the deficiency of energy flow includes the fear, depressive emotion. The breathing type is expiratory exhalation like asthma patients in the prosperity of energy flow. The deficiency of energy flow is weakness to overcome the disease. The prosperity and the deficiency of energy flow are considered by body metabolic ratios (Basal metabolic Rate: BMR, Resting metabolic rate: RMR, Physical activity ratios: PASs). Development of subcutaneous fat is good in the person of prosperous energy flow. The person of prosperous energy flow is hard to overcome to heat weather than cold weather. The person of deficiency of energy flow has tendencies of low blood pressure, insufficiency of blood flow in the peripheral and being shocked. The person of deficiency of energy flow has tendencies of chronic fatigue syndrome or automatic nerve disorder. If the patient who has deficiency of energy flow has severe weight loss should be checked for the presence of disease. The observation of small and large of bone is to check the development and disorder of bone growth and aging. The observation of thickness and weakness of muscle is to check the development of muscle, particularly biceps, gastrocnemius, and rectus abdominal muscle. The observation of thickness and weakness of skin is to check the ability of regulating body temperature by sweating.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
• /
• 제3권3호
• /
• pp.57-64
• /
• 1996

The purpose of this study is to investigate risk factor found in the patients with stroke in physical therapy. A questionnaire survey was carried out for 130 the patients, who had comparatively alert mentality, hospitalized in kyung hee oriental medical hospital with stroke from January, 1st to May 31st, 1996. Major findings of this stuty were as follows. 1. The stroke patients 67(51.5%)were males and 63(48.5%) femals. The age groups of 50 to 69 years accounted for 67.6% of the total stroke patients are the highest. The job groups of commerce and business of patients 58.5%. The living groups of major citys of the revealed the highest incidence(40.8%). 2. There were 40 patients (30.8 %) who had hemorrhage related condions as the direct cause of their stroke, and 90 patients (69.2 %) who had cerebral infarction with no hemorrhaging as the cause. of the disease that the patients suffered from before their stroke, blood pressure related problems were most numberous 76 patients(58.5%) had such problems. 3. A month before their attack of stroke, were asked what thay thought could become the causes of their strokes. The most frequently mentioned answers were fatigue, drinking too much, and smoking, as chosen by 45 patients(34.6 %). 4. In regarding the relation between stress and stroke, (37.7%), of the surveyed belonged to the most numerous group had of people who said they were not under stress. Yet this group had a large number of parents. And 22.3 % of the surveyed named conflicts among parents, siblings, and relatives. 5. Questions were asked to find out the relationship between complications of stroke and smoking or drinking. It was surprising to see a high rate of attack among the 55.4 % majority who answered that they did not smoke nor drink. 6. To sum up the affect of food on attack of stroke, 42.5% of the people who had a sprcey and salty diet had a higher rate of attack then the group of people with leisurely nature. 7. Looking at the family history, 40.4% of the patients said their parents also suffered the disease. This percentage is the highest. And 40.0% answered that there is no one who suffered in their family history. Judging from the percentages and family.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제20권11호
• /
• pp.446-457
• /
• 2019

본 연구의 목적은 청소년 남학생 흡연과 가족구성원의 흡연의 관련성을 분석하기 위함이다. '제14차(2018년) 청소년건강행태조사'에 응답한 27,276명을 이용하여 빈도분석, 교차분석, 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 남학생 중 비흡연율은 91.5%, 흡연율은 8.5%(가끔 흡연함 2.5%, 자주 흡연함 6.0%)이다. 연구결과, 가족구성원의 흡연자 수에 따른 남학생의 흡연 상태는 유의한 차이가 있다(p<0.001). 인구사회학적 특성에 따른 흡연은 학년, 학업성적, 경제상태, 아버지 학력, 어머니 학력에서 유의한 차이가 있고(p<0.001), 건강행태관련 특성에 따른 흡연은 음주 정도, 자살 생각률, 우울감 경험률, 스트레스 정도, 아침식사 빈도, 수면 후 피로회복 정도, 주관적 건강 인지 정도에서 유의한 차이가 있다(p<0.001). 남학생의 흡연가능성은 가족구성원 흡연자가 1명일 때보다 가족구성원 흡연자가 2명이상일 때 더 높다(p<0.001). 본 연구의 의의는 남학생 흡연이 가족구성원 흡연상태에 따라 영향을 받는다는 것을 확인하였으며 이러한 연구결과는 청소년 흡연의 예방 및 금연사업을 구성할 때 가족 흡연자의 금연 사업을 병행하여 설계한다면 좋은 효과를 거둘 수 있음을 시사한다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.7-15
• /
• 1975

The maximum breathing capacity (MBC) and the maximum mid-expiratory flow rate (MMF) are widely used in evaluation of the ventilatory function, among various parameters of pulmonary function. The MBC volume is the amount of gas which can be exchanged per unit time during maximal voluntary hyperventilation. Performance of this test, unlike that of single breath maneuvers, is affected by the integrity of the respiratory bellows as a whole including such factors are respiratory muscle blood supply, fatigue, and progressive trapping of air. Because of this, the MBC and its relation to ventilatory requirement correlates more closely with subjective dyspnea than does any other test. The MMF is the average flow rate during expiration of the middle 50% of the vital capacity. The MMF is a measurement of a fast vital capacity related to the time required for the maneuver and the MMF relates much better to other dynamic tests of ventilatory function and to dyspnea than total vital capacity, because the MMF reflects the effective volume, or gas per unit of time. Therefore, it is important to have a prediction formula with one can compute the normal value for the subject and the compare with the measured value. However, the formulas for prediction of both MBC and MMF of the Korean children and adolescents are not yet available in the present. Hence, present investigation was attempt to derive the formulas for prediction of both MBC and MMF of the Korean children and adolescents. MBC and MMF were measured in 1,037 healthy Korean children and adolescents (1,035 male and 1,002 female) whose ages ranged from 8 to 18 years. A spirometer (9L, Collins) was used for the measurement of MBC and MMF. Both MBC and MMF were measured 3times in a standing position and the highest values were used. For measurement, the $CO_2$ absorber and sadd valve were removed from the spirometer in order to reduce the resistance in the breathing circuit and the subject was asked to breathe as fast and deeply as possible for 12 seconds in MBC and to exhale completely as fast as possible after maximum inspiration for MMF. During the measurement, investigator stood by the subject to give a constant encouragement. All the measured values were subsequently converted to values at BTPS. The formulas for MBC and MMF were derived by a manner similar to those for Baldwin et al (1949) and Im (1965) as function of age and BSA or age and height. The prediction formulas for MBC (L/min, BTPS) and MMF (L/min, BTPS) of the Korean children and adolescents as derived in this investigation are as follows: For male, MBC=[41.70+{$2.69{\times}Age(years)$}]${\times}BSA$ $(m^{2})$ MBC=[0.083+{$0.045{\times}Age(years)$}]${\times}Ht$ (cm) For female, MBC=[45.53+{$1.55{\times}Age(years)$}]${\times}BSA$ $(m^2)$ MBC=[0.189+{$0.029{\times}Age(years)$}]${\times}Ht$ (cm) For male, MMF= [0.544+{$0.066{\times}Age(years)$}]${\times}Ht$ (cm) For female, MMF=[0.416+{$0.064{\times}Age(years)$}]${\times}Ht$ (cm)

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.136-148
• /
• 2004

Objective: Recently scolopendrid aquacupuncture has been a good effect on pain control but it has not been known about clinical safety. So, In order to prove the clinical safety of scolopendrid aquacupuncture, We have observed the physical reac-tion and clinical pathology test after scolopendrid aquacupuncture treatment. Methods: We analyzed physical reaction and clinical pathology test before and after Scolopendrid aquacupuncture treatment of 30 patients suffering from pain, who admitted department of Acupunture and Moxibustion, College of Oriental Medicine, Won-Kwang University Kwangju hospital. Results & Conclusions: The results were summarized as follows. 1) The distribution of sex was 14 males and 16 females, and the average of patients age was 46.2 years. 2) The distribution of symptom was lumbago, lumbago with radiating pain, nuchal pain and knee joint pain. 3) In the 30 patients treated with Scolopendrid aquacupuncture, hematologic test did not show remarkable change. 4) In the 30 patients treated with Scolopendrid aquacupuncture, Liver function test(AST, ALT, ALP) showed a slight decrease on the contrary, and abnormal rate showed a decrease of 1.0%(from 3.3% to 2.3%) compared with previous study. 5) In the 30 patients treated with Scolopendrid aquacupuncture, Renal function test(BUN, Cr) and abnormal rate(from 2.5% to 2.0%) showed a slight decrease on the contrary. 6) In the 30 patients treated with Scolopendrid aquacupuncture. Electrolyte were normal range before & after treatment. 7) In the results of the Urine analysis of 30 patients, Leukocyte, Protein. Glucose, Keton, Bilirubin, U-bilinogen were not detected before and after Scolopendrid aquacupuncture treatment, and the rest almost made no difference. 8) In the Physical reactions, all of the patients complained of pain of body partially, only one patient showed reddish and itch, but symptoms like those were entirely disappeared within 24 hours and whole body pain, swelling, headache, dizziness, fatigue and nausea was not observed.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.113-127
• /
• 1985

대기오염(大氣汚染)이 비교적 심각(深刻)하다고 생각되는 도시와 농촌과의 호흡기증상을 비교(比較)해 보고자 대구 주민 470명, 포항 364명, 농촌지역인 의성군 주민 472명을 대상(對象)으로 호흡기증상에 대한 설문지를 만들어서 1984년 4월 10일에서 4월 30일까지 각 지역 중 고학생들을 통하여 그들 가족에게 설문하였다. 각 지역에 따른 증상호소율을 볼 때 대체로 도시가 농촌보다 높았는데 특히 ${\ulcorner}$목이 부었다${\lrcorner}$고 느끼거나 ${\ulcorner}$가래${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$천식${\lrcorner}$ 증상이 농촌에 비해 도시가 높게 나왔으며(p<0.05), 다만 여자에서 ${\ulcorner}$감기를 심하게 앓는다${\lrcorner}$는 경우는 농촌이 높았다. 연령군(年齡群)에 따라 도시, 농촌을 비교(比較)해 보면 남자 19세 이하군에서 ${\ulcorner}$목이 부었다${\lrcorner}$고 느끼는 경우가 농촌에 비해 포항이 높았으며(p<0.05), 남자 40대에서는 ${\ulcorner}$식은땀${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$목의 이물감${\lrcorner}$이 오히려 도시에서 농촌보다 낮게 나타났다. 학생들에게서는 도시, 농촌간의 차가 거의 없었고, 직업인에서 ${\ulcorner}$목이 부었다${\lrcorner}$고 느끼는 예가 포항이 농촌보다 높았으며(p<0.05), ${\ulcorner}$감기${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$잔기침${\lrcorner}$은 포항이 농촌보다 낮았다(p<0.05). 이상에서 몇 항목에 대해 농촌이 더 높은 것은 농부(農夫)들의 심한 피로(疲勞)와 농약 등에 의한 것으로 생각되나 전반적(全般的)으로 볼 때 ${\ulcorner}$천식${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$가래${\lrcorner}$ 등 도시가 농촌보다 많은 항목에서 호소율이 높았다. 이는 산업연료(産業燃料), 차량(車輛)의 배기(排氣)가스, 먼지 등의 영향이 아닌가 생각된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제16권9호
• /
• pp.4037-4040
• /
• 2015

Objective: To explore the clinical efficacy and toxic and side effects of recombinant human endostatin (rhendostatin/endostar) combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: A total of 70 patients with advanced gastrointestinal adenocarcioma confirmed by histopathology and/or cytological examination were divided into group A (37 patients) and group B (33 patients). Patients in group A were given intravenous drip of 15 mg endostar added into 500 mL normal saline, once every other day until the cessation of chemotherapy or patients' maximal tolerance to chemotherapy. Patients in group B received chemotherapy alone. Two groups selected the same chemotherapy regimens. FOLFIRI scheme: 90-min intravenous drip of $180mg/m^2$ irinotecan, intravenous drip of $200mg/m^2$ calcium folinate (CF) and $400mg/m^2$ 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) on d1, and continuous intravenous pumping of 2 $400mg/m^2$ 5-Fu for 46 h. FOLFOX4 scheme: intravenous injection of $85mg/m^2$ oxaliplatin (L-OHP), $200mg/m^2$ calcium folinate (CF) and $400mg/m^2$ 5-FU on d1 for 2 h, and then continuous intravenous pumping of 2 $400mg/m^2$ 5-Fu for 46 h. XELOX scheme: oral administration of 1 $500mg/m^2$ xeloda (or tegafur 50~60 mg) in twice during d1~14 and intravenous drip of $135mg/m^2$ L-OHP on d1 for 2 h. The modified FOLFOX scheme: intravenous injection of $135mg/m^2$ L-OHP on d1 for 2 h, $200mg/m^2$ CF and 1.0 g tegafur during d1~5. Whereas, control Group B received chemotherapy regimens which were same as Group A, but no addition of endostar. Before chemotherapy, patients were given intravenous injection of 8 mg ondansetron, intramuscular injection of 10 mg metoclopramide and 20 mg diphenhydramine for prevention of vomiting, protection of liver and stomach as well as symptomatic supportive treatment. One cycle was 21 d, 4~6 cycles in total. The efficacy was evaluated every 2 cycles. Results: 32 patients in Group A could be evaluated, and the response rate (RR) and disease control rate (DCR) were 59.38% and 78.13%, respectively. 31 patients in Groups could be evaluated, and the RR and DCR were 32.26% and 54.84%, respectively. The differences between 2 groups were significant. The toxic effects include myelosuppression, gastrointestinal reaction, fatigue, cardiotoxicity and peripheral neurotoxicity. Conclusions: Preliminary observations show that endostar (once every other day) combined with chemotherapy is effective in the treatment of advanced gastrointestinal cancer, with low toxic effects, good tolerance, deserving further study.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.132-142
• /
• 2010

저칼륨혈증의 경우 약제 또는 백혈구 증가증 등에 의해서 칼륨이 일시적으로 세포내로 이동하는 재분포에 의해서 생기는 저칼륨혈증을 먼저 감별한다. 칼륨소실에 의한 결핍의 경우 소변 칼륨 농도 또는 TTKG를 구하고, 감소되어 있는 경우에는 칼륨의 신외성 손실, 칼륨 섭취의 부족 등을 감별한다. 증가되어 있는 경우 신장을 통한 칼륨의 소실을 생각하고, 고혈압이 동반되어 있지 않을 경우 산증과 관련된 경우, 구토에 의한 경우, 세뇨관에서의 칼륨 재흡수 장애 또는 칼륨의 분비가 증가되는 경우를 생각할 수 있다. 고혈압이 동반되어 있을 경우 혈장 레닌과 알도스테론을 측정하여 레닌이 증가되어 있을 경우, 혈장 레닌이 정상 또는 낮으면서 혈장 알도스테론만 증가한 경우, 혈장 알도스테론은 증가되어 있지 않지만 알도스테론 이외에 광물부신겉질호르몬의 작용이 증가하는 경우를 감별한다. 증상은 무기력, 경련, 근육통, 횡문근 융해증, 변비, 장폐쇄, 부정맥, 지각이상 등이 있다. 치료는 원인 질환의 치료 및 칼륨공급이다. 고칼륨혈증은 재분포에 의한 경우, 가성 고칼륨혈증, 진성 고칼륨혈증을 감별해야 한다. 진성 고칼륨혈증이면서 사구체 여과율이 감소되어 있는 경우 신부전 또는 체내 칼륨 부하가 증가하는 경우를 감별한다. 사구체 여과율이 15 mL/min/$1.73m^2$ 이상인 경우에는 혈장 레닌과 알도스테론을 검사한다. 모두 낮을 경우, 혈장 레닌은 정상이지만 알도스테론만 낮은 경우, 혈장 알도스테론의 농도는 정상이지만 알도스테론의 작용을 저해되는 경우 등을 감별해야 한다. 증상은 부정맥, 감각 이상, 허약 등이 있다. 치료는 calcium gluconate, 인슐린, 베타2작용제, 중탄산염, furosemide, resin, 투석 등이 있으며, 칼륨을 제한하고 원인 약물이 있을 경우 이를 중단해야 한다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전기전자재료학회 2008년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.9
• /
• pp.236-236
• /
• 2008

(Bi,La)$Ti_3O_{12}$(BLT) thin film is one of the most attractive materials for ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM) applications due to its some excellent properties such as high fatigue endurance, low processing temperature, and large remanent polarization [1-2]. The authors firstly investigated and reported the damascene process of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) for BLT thin film capacitor on behalf of plasma etching process for fabrication of FRAM [3]. CMP process could prepare the BLT capacitors with the superior process efficiency to the plasma etching process without the well-known problems such as plasma damages and sloped sidewall, which was enough to apply to the fabrication of FRAM [2]. BLT-CMP characteristics showed the typical oxide-CMP characteristics which were related in both pressure and velocity according to Preston's equation and Hernandez's power law [2-4]. Good surface roughness was also obtained for the densification of multilevel memory structure by CMP process [3]. The well prepared BLT capacitors fabricated by CMP process should have the sufficient ferroelectric properties for FRAM; therefore, in this study the electrical properties of the BLT capacitor fabricated by CMP process were analyzed with the process parameters. Especially, the effects of CMP pressure, which had mainly affected the removal rate of BLT thin films [2], on the electrical properties were investigated. In order to check the influences of the pressure in eMP process on the ferroelectric properties of BLT thin films, the electrical test of the BLT capacitors was performed. The polarization-voltage (P-V) characteristics show a decreased the remanent polarization (Pr) value when CMP process was performed with the high pressure. The shape of the hysteresis loop is close to typical loop of BLT thin films in case of the specimen after CMP process with the pressures of 4.9 kPa; however, the shape of the hysteresis loop is not saturated due to high leakage current caused by structural and/or chemical damages in case of the specimen after CMP process with the pressures of 29.4 kPa. The leakage current density obtained with positive bias is one order lower than that with negative bias in case of 29.4 kPa, which was one or two order higher than in case of 4.9 kPa. The high pressure condition was not suitable for the damascene process of BLT thin films due to the defects in electrical properties although the better efficiency of process. by higher removal rate of BLT thin films was obtained with the high pressure of 29.4 kPa in the previous study [2].