• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2019

This study derives load characteristics and analyzes the safety of plowshares operating in dry fields. We mounted a three-blade, reversible plow on a 23.7 kW tractor and measured the plow's tractive force as well as the torque from the engine output shaft on the rear axle under various working speeds (L4, M1, M2, M3). We chose a Korean test site of Seomyeon, Chuncheon with sandy soil texture, as determined using the USDA method. We constructed the load spectrum for torque and tractive force using measured data and derived the fatigue life of the plowshare from a stress-cycle (S-N) curve of the plow material. Our results show that the M3 gear maximizes the driving shaft torque loads and, applying the tractive force load spectrum, creates a cumulative damage sum of $4.14{\times}10^{-5}$. Considering sampling time, we estimate a fatigue life of 805 hours while using the M3 gear. When using the other working speeds, however, all of the stress levels fell within the endurance limits and, therefore, our model predicts infinite plowshare lifetimes. For this analysis, we used a yield strength of 1,079 MPa for the plowshare and static safety factors, analyzed using the maximum stress, between 6.83 and 8.63 under each working speed.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.333-342
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• 2004

Tensile and low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests on prior cold worked 316L stainless steel were carried out at various temperatures from room temperature to 650$^{\circ}C$. At all test temperatures, cold worked material showed the tendency of higher strength and lower ductility compared with those of solution treated material. The embrittlement of material occurred in the temperature region from 300$^{\circ}C$ to 600$^{\circ}C$ due to dynamic strain aging. Following initial cyclic hardening for a few cycles, cycling softening was observed to dominate until failure occurred during LCF deformation, and the cyclic softening behavior strongly depended on temperature and strain amplitude. Non-Masing behavior was observed at all test temperatures and hysteresis energy curve method was employed to describe the stress-strain hysteresis loops at half$.$life. The prediction shows a good agreement with the experimental results.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.871-876
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• 2005

기존의 기계적인 센서들보다 높은 민감도와 선형성을 가지는 반도체 압력 센서들은 크기가 작고 일괄공정에 의해 제작될 수 있는 반도체 공정 기술로 제작되므로 다양한 산업에서 적용되고 있다. 하지만 열과 반복적인 외부 하중은 센서의 수명에 치명적인 영향을 미치고 있고, 특히 외부에서 가해지는 열은 센서를 구성하는 구조물보다 신호를 전달하는 금속 배선의 피로 수명에 지대한 영향을 미치고 있으므로 이에 대한 영향성을 분석할 수 있는 프로세스를 확립하고, 이후 다양한 재료의 반복적인 열하중에 대한 피로 수명을 Manson & Coffin식에 따라서 평가하였다. 금속 배선의 밑단에서 피로수명이 가장 낮고, 굽힘하중은 피로 수명보다는 응력분포에 큰 영향을 미치고 있다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.799-813
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• 2020

Fatigue cracks of rib-to-deck (RD) joints have been frequently observed in the orthotropic steel decks (OSD) using conventional U-ribs (CU). Thickened edge U-rib (TEU) is proposed to enhance the fatigue strength of RD joints, and its effectiveness has been proved through fatigue tests. In-depth full-scale tests are further carried out to investigate both the fatigue strength and fractography of RD joints. Based on the test result, the mean fatigue strength of TEU specimens is 21% and 17% higher than that of CU specimens in terms of nominal and hot spot stress, respectively. Meanwhile, the development of fatigue cracks has been measured using the strain gauges installed along the welded joint. It is found that such the crack remains almost in semi-elliptical shape during the initiation and propagation. For the further application of TEUs, the design curve under the specific survival rate is required for the RD joints using TEUs. Since the fatigue strength of welded joints is highly scattered, the design curves derived by using the limited test data only are not reliable enough to be used as the reference. On this ground, an experiment-numerical hybrid approach is employed. Basing on the fatigue test, a probabilistic assessment model has been established to predict the fatigue strength of RD joints. In the model, the randomness in material properties, initial flaws and local geometries has been taken into consideration. The multiple-site initiation and coalescence of fatigue cracks are also considered to improve the accuracy. Validation of the model has been rigorously conducted using the test data. By extending the validated model, large-scale databases of fatigue life could be generated in a short period. Through the regression analysis on the generated database, design curves of the RD joint have been derived under the 95% survival rate. As the result, FAT 85 and FAT 110 curves with the power index m of 2.89 are recommended in the fatigue evaluation on the RD joint using TEUs in terms of nominal stress and hot spot stress respectively. Meanwhile, FAT 70 and FAT 90 curves with m of 2.92 are suggested in the evaluation on the RD joint using CUs in terms of nominal stress and hot spot stress, respectively.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제9권
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• pp.21-28
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• 1989

For the study of the fatigue behavior, high-strength bolted connections on a small scale were manufactured, and carried on fatigue tests. Its experimental values were analysed by stress-fatigue life (S-N) curve. Three types of specimens : the base metal, the cireular hole and the welded sperimens had same net section were made. Through the same tests those experimental values were compared with those of the high-strength bolted conneetions. The results of these studies are as followings. It was found that the fatigue strength in $F_{n=100,000}$ and $F_{n=2,000,000}$ of the high-strength bolted conneetions were much more about 14% and 16% than that of the base metal specimen. It was thought that this trend was due to frictional force increasing fatigue strength. It was known that fatigue strength in $F_{n=100,000}$ and $F_{n=2,000,000}$ of the welded joints were less 29% and 21% than that of base metal specimen. It was thought that that trend was due to weld flaw. It was appeared that the fatigue strength in $F_{n=100,000}$ and $F_{n=2,000,000}$ of the high-strength bolted connections were much more about 38% and 30% than that of welded joint. It was thought that it was due to both frictional force increasing the fatigue strength in bolted connections and weld flaw decreasing the fatigue strength in welded connections. It was found that the fatigue strength in $F_{n=100,000}$ and $F_{n=2,000,000}$ of the B3 specimens were much more 2% and -2% than that of the B4 specimen. It was thought that that trend was due to the frictional force, which concerned with shape of specimen. It was known that the fatigue strength in $F_{n=100,000}$ and $F_{n=2,000,000}$ of the specimen with circular hole was less 61% and 65% than that of base metal. It was known that the allowable stress for bolted joint was higher than that of welded Joints. If that research is continued and more data are accumulated it can be expected that a basic pattern to provided the indicator of the fatigue design of the bolted connections of steel structures and persume the safety and lifeproof of existing structures is given.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.12-20
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was designed to find out the effectiveness of vertebral segment instability, muscle fatigue response on lumbar spine after apply lumbosacral stabilization exercise program to 4 patients with chronic low back pain and for 12 weeks. In this study, the lumbar spine motion with blind by MedX test machine and the difference of instability to lumbar vertebra segments in flexion, extension test of standing position and spinal load test(Matthiass Test) by Spinal Mouse. The stabilization exercise program was applied 2 times a week for 12 weeks in hospital and 2 times a day for 20 minutes at home. The results of the present study were as follows: 1. Instability test of lumbar vertebra segment is 2 type differential angle test between vertebrae segment and loading test of spine(matthiass) by Spinal Mouse. It appeared to improve stability of segments in sagittal plane after applying program. So lumbar spine curve increased lordosis toward anterior and was improved of the lumbar spine flexibility in flexion and extension. Specially, in matthiass test, (-) value was increased between lumbar vertebra segment when was the load on spine. And so applying stability improved after program. 2. Fatigue response test(FRT) results, in male, was raised muscle fatigue rate during increase weight, on the other hand female appeared lower than male. As a results, lumbosacral stabilization exercise was aided to improvement of lumbar spine vertebra segments stabilization. Spine instability patients will have a risk when in lifting a load or working with slight flexion posture during the daily of living life and it is probably to increase recurrence rate. Thus, not only lumbar extension muscle strength but also stability of vertebra segments in lumbar spine may be very important.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.250-250
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• 1990

In this paper, fatigue tests were carried out at stress test levels of 461 MPa, 441 MPa, and 431 MPa by using smooth specimen of$2_{1/4}$ Cr-1 Mo steel with the stress ratio(R) of 0.05. The initiation, growth and coalescense process of the major cracks and sub-cracks among the fatigue cracks on the smooth specimen are investigated and measured under each stress level at a constant cycle ratio by the replica technique with optical microscope. Some of the important results are as follows: In spite of the difference of stress levels, the major crack data gather into a small band in the curve of surface crack length and crack depth against cycle ratio N/Nf. The sub-crack data, however, deviate from the band of the major crack. The growth rates, da/dN, of major and sub-crack plotted against the stress intensity factor range, ${\Delta}K$, have the tendency to be compressed on a relatively small band. But it is more effective to predict fatigue life through major cracks. The propagation behavior of surface microcracks on the smooth specimens coincides with that of the specimen having an artificial small surface defect or through crack.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1986

강구조물(鋼構造物)의 girder중(中) 중요형식(重要形式)인 판항(板桁)에서 덮개판(板) 및 수직보강재(垂直補剛材)와 판항(板桁)이나 상자항(箱子桁)의 격점부(格點部)에 사용도는 연결판(連結板) 등의 용접연결부(鎔接連結部)를 포함하는 실물(實物)을 modeling하여 직접 피로시험(疲勞試驗)을 행하지 않고서도 계산에 의하여 S-N 선도(線圖)를 그려서 피로강도(疲勞强度)를 추정(推定)할 수 있는 계산식 및 program을 정립하였다. 또, 실물시험편(實物試驗片)에 대한 피로시험(疲勞試驗)을 행하여 계산에 의한 S-N 선도상(線圖上)에 plot하여 서로 비교 검토하였다. 이로써 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 계산에 의한 피로강도(疲勞强度)가 실험(實驗)에 의한 실제 피로강도(疲勞强度)보다 다소 낮게 나타났다. 계산에 의한 방법은 초기균열(初忌龜裂) $a_i$가 발생한 다음부터 파단시(破斷時)까지의 피로수명(疲勞壽命) $N_p$에 대한 것임에 비해 실험(實驗)에 의한 것은 초기균열(初忌龜裂) $a_i$의 발생수명(發生壽命) $N_c$까지를 포함한 총(總) 피로수명(疲勞壽命) $N=N_c+N_p$에 대한 것이므로 오히려 당연한 결과라 생각된다. 그 차이가 그다지 크지 않으며, 구조물(構造物)의 안전성(安全性)을 생각할 때 계산(計算)에 의한 결과가 안전측(安全側)에 해당하므로 실제 구조물(構造物)의 피로설계(疲勞設計) 시(時) 그대로 적용하여도 무방할 것으로 생각된다. 참고로 저강도강(低强度鋼)인 SS 41 시험편(試驗片)을 각 경우 3개씩 제작하여 같은 피로시험(疲勞試驗)을 행하여 비교해 보았다. 덮개판(板)의 경우 시험최대응력(試驗最大應力) $14kg/mm^2$ 정도 이상(以上)에서 서서히, 수직보강재(垂直補剛材)의 경우 실험최대응력(實驗最大應力) $31kg/mm^2$ 정도 이하(以下)에서 급격(急激)히, 고강도강(高强度鋼)인 SWS 50 시험편(試驗片)의 경우보다 피로강도(疲勞强度)가 더 커진 경향을 나타내고 있다. 이는 저강도강(低强度鋼)에서 피로강도(疲勞强度)가 낮을 것이라는 상식적(常識的)인 기대와는 다른 특징(特徵)이지만 시험편(試驗片) 3개씩만의 결과이므로 확정적(確定的)인 결론이라고 단언(斷言)할 수는 없겠으며, 앞으로 더 많은 실험(實驗)을 행하여 확인해 보아야 할 것이라 생각된다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.119-122
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• 2000

The truss bridge is composed of numerous steel beams. In long span bridges the size of beams is getting larger, so the number of plate girders is increasing instead of rolled beams. This plate girder has long welding lines at the intersection of steel plates. The improper welding at the intersection line causes the steel bridge to be structurally unsafe. In this paper the loss of member section from improper welding was measured and the experimental testing was performed to get the S-N curve from testing models with sectional losses. The improper welding resulted in the lowering of structural safety and the shortening of life cycle.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2013년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.383-389
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• 2013

Rotor system is a very important part which produces lift, thrust and control force in helicopter. Component of rotor system must endure various flight load for the required life. In helicopter rotor system, bearingless rotor system is the highest technology rotor system compare with articulated and hingeless rotor system. Baaringless rotor system is not include mechanical flap hinge, lag hinge and pitch bearing. Bearingless rotor component flexbeam which made by composite material has conduct hinge and bearing role instead of mechanical flap hinge, lag hinge and pitch bearing. These characteristics has less part number and lass weight than others. In this paper, conduct safe life analysis of bearingless composite component flexbeam and torque tube applying to utility helicopter load condition.