• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.176-182
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• 2009

This study was carried out to analyse the physicochemical characteristics of soybean pastes with the sword beans and general soybean pastes. There was no difference in contents of general component (moisture contents, crude ash, crude fiber, crude fat) among the soybean pastes, but contents of crude protein was higher in J1, J2 compared to the others. Amylase activity was higher in J3, J4 adding the rice, and protease activity was higher in J1, J2 that has higher soybean contents than the others. Reducing sugar contents was higher in J3, J4 that has high amlyase activity with value of 8.53${\pm}$0.45% and 8.36${\pm}$1.05%, and amino-type nitrogen contents was higher in commercial soybean paste K5, K6 than other soybean pastes with value of 668.34${\pm}$4.11 mg% and 642.64${\pm}$2.05 mg% respectively.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 2003

Objective : In Western medicine, the cause of obesity include overeating, lack of exercise, genetic factor, endocrinal impediment and psychological factor. Since the society becomes more complexed and the tensions among social members gets intensified, psychological factor getting more important. In Oriental medicine, Seven Emotion(七情, in oriental medical term) as an emotional stressor was thought to be a factor of obesity. Therefore the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between Seven Emotion and obesity in detail. Methods : overview the stress with the view of Oriental medicine and research the relationship between Seven Emotion as an emotional stressor and obesity. Results : 1. Seven Emotion can be understood as an emotional stress in Western medicine. If Seven Emotion is excessive, its extreme mental stimulation causes physical illness. 2. Having influence upon the function of internal organs, excessive Seven Emotion causes obesity. Since it hinders normal flow of Gangi(肝氣), Seven Emotion disturbs healthy function of Bi-Wi(脾胃) and normal fluctuation of Qi. Consequently, obesity is resulted from the accumulation of fat since normal metabolism of body is disrupted. 3. In Seven Emotion-Anger(怒), Joy(喜), Anxiety(憂), Thought(思), Sorrow(悲), Fear(恐), Surprise(驚)-give rise to Gan-bi-bul-wha(肝脾不和), Sim-hi-yang-huh(心脾兩虛), Bi-qi-huh(碑氣虛), Dam-sup-jeo-po(痰濕沮胞) and Wi-wha-sang-youm(胃火上炎) in type of symptom in obesity and therefore, cause obesity.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The $NAD^+$ precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR) is a type of vitamin $B_3$ found in cow's milk and yeast-containing food products such as beer. Recent studies suggested that NR prevents hearing loss, high-fat diet-induced obesity, Alzheimer's disease, and mitochondrial myopathy. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of NR on inflammation and mitochondrial biogenesis in AML12 mouse hepatocytes. MATERIALS/METHODS: A subset of hepatocytes was treated with palmitic acid (PA; $250{\mu}M$) for 48 h to induce hepatocyte steatosis. The hepatocytes were treated with NR ($10{\mu}M$ and 10 mM) for 24 h with and without PA. The cell viability and the levels of sirtuins, inflammatory markers, and mitochondrial markers were analyzed. RESULTS: Cytotoxicity of NR was examined by PrestoBlue assay. Exposure to NR had no effect on cell viability or morphology. Gene expression of sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) and Sirt3 was significantly upregulated by NR in PA-treated hepatocytes. However, Sirt1 activities were increased in hepatocytes treated with low-dose NR. Hepatic pro-inflammatory markers including tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 were decreased in NR-treated cells. NR upregulated anti-inflammatory molecule adiponectin, and, tended to down-regulate hepatokine fetuin-A in PA-treated hepatocytes, suggesting its inverse regulation on these cytokines. NR increased levels of mitochondrial markers including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ coactivator-$1{\alpha}$, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, uncoupling protein 2, transcription factor A, mitochondrial and mitochondrial DNA in PA-treated hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrated that NR attenuated hepatic inflammation and increased levels of mitochondrial markers in hepatocytes.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.3.1-3.10
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• 2019

Objectives: It was the aim of this study to evaluate the effect of cooling water temperature on the temperature changes in the pulp chamber and at the handpiece head during high-speed tooth preparation using an electric handpiece. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight intact human molars received a standardized occlusal preparation for 60 seconds using a diamond bur in an electric handpiece, and one of four treatments were applied that varied in the temperature of cooling water applied (control, with no cooling water, $10^{\circ}C$, $23^{\circ}C$, and $35^{\circ}C$). The temperature changes in the pulp chamber and at the handpiece head were recorded using K-type thermocouples connected to a digital thermometer. Results: The average temperature changes within the pulp chamber and at the handpiece head during preparation increased substantially when no cooling water was applied ($6.8^{\circ}C$ and $11.0^{\circ}C$, respectively), but decreased significantly when cooling water was added. The most substantial drop in temperature occurred with $10^{\circ}C$ water ($-16.3^{\circ}C$ and $-10.2^{\circ}C$), but reductions were also seen at $23^{\circ}C$ ($-8.6^{\circ}C$ and $-4.9^{\circ}C$). With $35^{\circ}C$ cooling water, temperatures increased slightly, but still remained lower than the no cooling water group ($1.6^{\circ}C$ and $6.7^{\circ}C$). Conclusions: The temperature changes in the pulp chamber and at the handpiece head were above harmful thresholds when tooth preparation was performed without cooling water. However, cooling water of all temperatures prevented harmful critical temperature changes even though water at $35^{\circ}C$ raised temperatures slightly above baseline.

• BMB Reports
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.124-129
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• 2021

In current times, obesity is a major health problem closely associated with metabolic disease such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. The direct cause of obesity is known as an abnormal increase in fat cell size and the adipocyte pool. Hyperplasia, the increase in number of adipocytes, results from adipogenesis in which preadipocytes differentiate into mature adipocytes. Adipogenesis is regulated by local and systemic cues that alter transduction pathways and subsequent control of adipogenic transcription factors. Therefore, the regulation of adipogenesis is an important target for preventing obesity. Myonectin, a member of the CTRP family, is a type of myokine released by skeletal muscle cells. Although several studies have shown that myonectin is associated with lipid metabolism, the role of myonectin during adipogenesis is not known. Here, we demonstrate the role of myonectin during adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. We found that myonectin inhibits the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes with a reduction in the expression of adipogenic transcription factors such as C/EBPα, β and PPARγ. Furthermore, we show that myonectin has an inhibitory effect on adipogenesis through the regulation of the p38 MAPK pathway and CHOP. These findings suggest that myonectin may be a novel therapeutic target for the prevention of obesity.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.130-137
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• 2022

Objectives: Insulin resistance (IR) is major cause of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and adipokines (e.g., adiponectin, leptin, and resistin) play an important role in insulin sensitivity. Medicinal plants are frequently used for T2D treatment. This study investigates the effect of Artemisia annua L. (AA) extracts on adipokines in mice with high-fat-diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T2D. Methods: We divided 60 mice into 12 groups (n = 5 per group): control, untreated T2D, treated T2D, and 9 other groups. T2D was induced in all groups, except controls, by 8 weeks of HFD and STZ injection. The treated T2D group was administered 250 mg/kg of metformin (MTF), while the nine other groups were treated with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of hot-water extract (HWE), cold-water extract (CWE), and alcoholic extract (ALE) of AA (daily oral gavage) along with 250 mg/kg of MTF for 4 weeks. The intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was performed, and the homeostasis model assessment of adiponectin (HOMA-AD) index and blood glucose and serum insulin, leptin, adiponectin, and resistin levels were measured. Results: Similar to MTF, all three types of AA extracts (HWEs, CWEs, and ALEs) significantly (p < 0.0001) decreased the area under the curve (AUC) of glucose during the IPGTT, the HOMA-AD index, blood glucose levels, and serum insulin, leptin, and resistin levels and increased serum adiponectin levels in the MTF group compared to the T2D group (p < 0.0001). The HWEs affected adipokine release, while the CWEs and ALEs decreased leptin and resistin production. Conclusion: Water and alcoholic AA extracts have an antihyperglycemic and antihyperinsulinemic effect on HFD/STZ diabetic mice. In addition, they decrease IR by reducing leptin and resistin production and increasing adiponectin secretion from adipocytes.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.444-453
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• 2022

Background: Compound K (CK) is among the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenoside group, which produces multiple pharmacological effects. Herein, we examined the effects of CK on muscle atrophy under hyperlipidemic conditions along with its pro-myogenic effects. Further, the molecular pathways underlying the effects of CK on skeletal muscle have been justified. Methods: C2C12 myotubes were treated with palmitate and CK. C2C12 myoblasts were differentiated using CK for 4-5 days. For the in vivo experiments, CK was administered to mice fed on a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. The protein expression levels were analyzed using western blotting analysis. Target protein suppression was performed using small interfering (si) RNA transfection. Histological examination was performed using Jenner-Giemsa and H&E staining techniques. Results: CK treatment attenuated ER stress markers, such as eIF2a phosphorylation and CHOP expression and impaired myotube formation in palmitate-treated C2C12 myotubes and skeletal muscle of mice fed on HFD. CK treatment augmented AMPK along with autophagy markers in skeletal muscle cells in vitro and in vivo experiments. AMPK siRNA or 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor, abrogated the impacts of CK in C2C12 myotubes. CK treatment augmented p38 and Akt phosphorylation, leading to an enhancement of C2C12 myogenesis. However, AMPK siRNA abolished the effects of CK in C2C12 myoblasts. Conclusion: These findings denote that CK prevents lipid-induced skeletal muscle apoptosis via AMPK/autophagy-mediated attenuation of ER stress and induction of myoblast differentiation. Therefore, we may suggest the use of CK as a potential therapeutic approach for treating muscle-wasting conditions associated with obesity.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.685-690
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• 2021

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated lipodystrophy is a known consequence of long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). However, a significant number of patients on HAART therapy were left with the stigmata of complications, including fat redistribution. Few studies have described the successful removal of focal areas of lipohypertrophy with successful outcomes. This manuscript reviews the outcomes of excisional lipectomy versus liposuction for HIV-associated cervicodorsal lipodystrophy. Methods We performed a 15-year retrospective review of HIV-positive patients with lipodystrophy. Patients were identified by query of secure operative logs. Data collected included demographics, medications, comorbidities, duration of HIV, surgical intervention type, pertinent laboratory values, and the amount of tissue removed. Results Nine male patients with HIV-associated lipodystrophy underwent a total of 17 procedures. Of the patients who underwent liposuction initially (n=5), 60% (n=3) experienced a recurrence. There were a total of three cases of primary liposuction followed by excisional lipectomy. One hundred percent of these cases were noted to have a recurrence postoperatively, and there was one case of seroma formation. Of the subjects who underwent excisional lipectomy (n=4), there were no documented recurrences; however, one patient's postoperative course was complicated by seroma formation. Conclusions HIV-associated lipodystrophy is a disfiguring complication of HAART therapy with significant morbidity. Given the limitations of liposuction alone as the primary intervention, excisional lipectomy is recommended as the primary treatment. Liposuction may be used for better contouring and for subsequent procedures. While there is a slightly higher risk for complications, adjunctive techniques such as quilting sutures and placement of drains may be used in conjunction with excisional lipectomy.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.826-839
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• 2023

This study investigated the effects of different charcoals on the occurrence of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in grilled beef steaks and beef patties. Seven different charcoals were used as follows: from oak wood (C1), from orange wood (C2), from Valonia oak wood (C3), from Marabu wood (C4), extruded charcoal from beech wood (C5), from coconut shells (C6), and from hazelnut shells (C7). The grilling times for each charcoal type were 6 min for the beef patties and 7 min for the beef steaks, until the internal temperature reached at least 74℃. The total concentration of 16 PAHs (PAH16) in beef steaks grilled with C1 (35.75 ㎍/kg) and C7 (36.39 ㎍/kg) was higher than that of C3 (23.80 ㎍/kg) and C6 (24.48 ㎍/kg; p<0.05). The highest amounts of PAH16 (216.40 ㎍/kg) were determined in the beef patty samples grilled using C5 (p<0.05). The summation of benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene, referred to as PAH4, was not detected in any of the beef steaks, whereas it was determined in the beef patties grilled with C2 (7.72 ㎍/kg) and C5 (22.95 ㎍/kg; p<0.05). The PAH16 concentrations of the beef patty samples in each charcoal group were significantly higher compared to the beef steaks (p<0.05). To avoid the formation of high PAH levels, the use of extruded charcoal and hazelnut shell charcoal should therefore be avoided when charcoal grilling beef steaks and beef patties, and low-fat meat products should be preferred.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.282-292
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• 2023

Objectives: Bone health in early adulthood, as individuals approach peak bone mass, plays a critical role in preventing osteoporosis later in life. This study aimed to investigate the associations between lifestyle and dietary factors, anthropometric measurements, and urinary bone resorption markers in young adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 100 healthy Korean adults (50 men and 50 women) in their 20s and early 30s. Bone mineral density (BMD), anthropometric measurements, dietary intake (24-hour recall), and urinary bone resorption indicators (deoxypyridinoline and N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen) were analyzed. Variables were compared between the osteopenia and osteoporosis groups (OSTEO group: 30% men and 60% women) and the healthy control group. Results: Men in the OSTEO group were significantly taller than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Women in the OSTEO group had significantly lower body weight and body composition (muscle and body fat) than those in the normal group (P < 0.01). Men in the OSTEO group had a significantly higher intake of animal calcium (Ca) than those in the normal group (P < 0.05). Women in the OSTEO group had significantly higher dietary fiber, vitamin A, Ca, plant Ca, and potassium intake than did those in the normal group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in caffeinated beverage consumption, eating habits, or urinary bone resorption indicators between the OSTEO and control groups of either sex. Conclusions: In our study of young South Korean adults, we observed low bone density levels, with particularly low BMD in taller men and underweight women. We found a higher nutrient intake in the OSTEO group, indicating the possibility of reverse causality, a phenomenon often found in cross-sectional studies. Therefore, there is a need to further elucidate dietary factors related to osteoporosis in young adults through prospective cohort studies involving a larger population.