• 농업과학연구
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.707-713
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• 2018

This study was done to search for positional candidate genes associated with the back fat thickness trait using a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) in purebred Yorkshires (N = 1755). Genotype and phenotype analyses were done for 1,642 samples. As a result of the associations with back fat thickness using the Gemma program (ver. 0.93), when the genome-wide suggestive threshold was determined using the Bonferroni method ($p=1.61{\times}10^{-5}$), the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers with suggestive significance were identified in 1 SNP marker on chromosome 2 (MARC0053928; $p=3.65{\times}10^{-6}$), 2 SNP markers on chromosome 14 (ALGA0083078; $p=7.85{\times}10^{-6}$, INRA0048453; $p=1.27{\times}10^{-5}$), and 1 SNP marker on chromosome 18 (ALGA0120564; $p=1.44{\times}10^{-5}$). We could select positional candidate genes (KCNQ1, DOCK1, LOC106506151, and LOC110257583), located close to the SNP markers. Among these, we identified a potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member gene (KCNQ1) and the dedicator of cytokinesis 1 (DOCK1) gene associated with obesity and Type-2 diabetes. The SNPs and haplotypes of the KCNQ1 and DOCK1 genes can contribute to understanding the genetic structure of back fat thickness. Additionally, it may provide basic data regarding marker assisted selection for a meat quality trait in pigs.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.125-135
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• 2019

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of low frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) training on abdominal obesity in middle-aged women through electromyography and ultrasound. METHODS: Twenty-two middle aged women with abdominal obesity participated in the study. A low-frequency NMES device was used on the abdomen and waist of each subject for 20 minutes each (a total of 40 minutes) three times a week for eight weeks. The waist-hip ratio (WHR), weight and BMI (Body Mass Index) were measured. Electromyography (EMG) and ultrasound measurements were performed three times in total (pre-intervention, four weeks into the intervention, and eight weeks post-intervention) to examine the effects of low-frequency NMES on the abdominal muscle activity, muscle thickness, and subcutaneous fat. RESULTS: The results indicated a difference in the WHR and waist circumference before and after intervention (p<.05). The external oblique muscle (EO) showed a significant increase in muscle activity during all measurements taken post-intervention (p<.05). The abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness also showed a significant decrease between each measurement (p<.05). The test results showed that the abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness values taken eight weeks post-intervention were significantly lower than those taken pre-intervention and four weeks into the intervention (p<.05). CONCLUSION: These findings show that low-frequency NMES device training can be applied to middle-aged women with abdominal obesity to improve their body shape and exercise performance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.628-641
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• 1992

To investigate the effects of exercise-training on fat distribution several indicators of body fatness(percent body fat skinfolds thickness body circumference) were assessed in 128 healthy male subjects submitted to an 8-wk high intensive exercise-training. The subjects(average age=20.3$\pm$1.3 yrs) exercised 5 days/week. Daily energy intake and expenditure wee recorded. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1) Through exercise-training lean body mass increased significantly (changes : 0.5$\pm$1.5kg; p=0.000) decreased significantly. 2) Suprailiac was the most reduced site by exercise-training among eight site skinfolds. Central skinfolds were changed more by exercise-training than peripheral skinfolds with reduction of 1.7$\pm$2.1mm and 0.4$\pm$1.8mm respectively. Central site circumferences were reduced more by exercise-training than peripheral site circumferences. 3) As a result of analyzing 12 of the fattest(top 10% of weight) and 12 of the leanest men(bot-tom 10% of weight) it indicated that there was a significant reduction of fat tissue in body composition and skinfolds thickness for the fat group. However there was no significant change for the lean groups. 4) Correlational analysis showed that predicting changes in body fat by infrared(NIR) measurement seemed to be closely associated with changes in body fat by Kim's equation and Katch's equation in young men.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.779-783
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• 2006

The adiponectin gene is known to be involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis involving food intake, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Human adiponectin gene polymorphisms have been recently reported to be associated with obesity, insulin sensitivity and the risk of type 2 diabetes. The present study was carried out to investigate the porcine adiponectin gene as a candidate gene for fat deposition and carcass traits. A mutation of A178G of the porcine adiponectin gene that resulted in substitution of the amino acid Isoleucine to Valine was identified. AcyI PCR-RFLP was used to detect the polymorphism of the genotypes in five different pig populations (Large White, Landrace, Duroc, Chinese breeds Meishan and Qingping). The A allele frequency was significantly higher among subjects from Chinsese lard type breeds, while the G allele was the only one present in those from Western lean type breeds. To determine if there was an association of the polymorphism with phenotypic variation, the mutation was tested in 267 pigs of the "Large $White{\times}Meishan$" F2 resource population. The results of association analyses showed significant associations of the genotypes with fat deposition and carcass traits. Allele G was significantly associated with increase in loin eye height, loin eye area and lean meat percentage and bone percentage, and decrease in fat mean percentage, ratio of lean to fat, shoulder fat thickness, 6-7 rib fat thickness, thorax-waist fat thickness and buttock fat thickness. The substitution of A178G (Ile60Val) happened to be located at amino acid 60 in the collagenous domain of porcine adiponectin which might affect the association into higher-order structures, and accordingly affect the posttranslational modifications and optimal biological activity of the multimeric forms. The identified functional polymorphism provides new evidence of adiponectin as an important candidate gene affecting fat deposition and carcass traits in pigs.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.115-124
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of obesity in urban and rural junior high school students. Height, weight, skinfold thickness and bioelectrical impedance were measured. The results obtained were summarized as follows : The average height and weight of boys were respectively 159.61cm 50.56kg and those of girls were respectively 155.88cm, 48.12kg. The percentage of obesity was respectively 6.20%, 10.22%, 5.47%, 17.15%, 14.60% for boys and 4.38%. 9.69%, 3.13%, 3.75%, 7.19% for girls by BMI, RI. OI, % body fat I, % body fat II. The rates of obesity were higher in boys than in girls, so nutritional education on obesity for boys is especially necessary. 21.09% of boys and 7.04% of girls in urban and 7.09% of boys and 7.48% of girls in rural were obese. Correlation coefficients between TC(triceps skinfold thickness + calf skinfold thickness) and BMI, RI, OI, % body fat I and % body fat II were 0.66, 0.67, 0.67, 0.77, 0.70.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.341-346
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• 2009

Cutaneous electrogastrography is the measurement of electrical activity of the stomach on the abdominal surface. The validity of cutaneous electrogastrography is dependent upon the quality of the recording technique. The locations of electrodes are an important issue. We examined the influences of the inter-electrode distance of bipolar leads on electrogastrography measurements. The sensitivity distributions of EGG leads were calculated based on a 2D body fat model and evaluated according to the region of interest sensitivity ratio (ROISR). We simulated the ROISR of the inter-electrode distance in relation to various body fat thicknesses. The distance between the electrodes was proportional to the distance between the ROI and the surface of the abdomen. The results imply that inter-electrode distance can be applied in electrogastrography according to human body fat thickness.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1971

Body volume, density and %fat were calculated by means of formulas using body height, weight, and surface area in 1,732 children aged between 6 and 12 years. Skinfold thicknesses on back, arm, waist and abdomen were measured by means of a Lange caliper. The course of increase in body volume was identical to those of body height, weight, relative weight and surface area. Curves of boys and girls showed a cross at the age of between 10 and 11 years. Body density of boys increased with the age and it decreased in girls. Total body fat showed a progressive decrease from the age of 6 in boys. In girls body fat increased progressively with the age. Skinfold thickness increased both in boys and girls with the age. At the same age skinfold thicknesses on all sites were greater in girls than boys.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.247-254
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• 2010

Purpose: To study the thickness of gluteal subcutaneous fat (SCF) and propose an adequate length for needle for gluteal intramuscular injections based on computed tomography (CT) measurements. Methods: The thickness of gluteal SCF were measured and studied for 568 patients who visited a tertiary hospital in Seoul, Korea between January 2007 and February 2009 for routine health screening and who had abdominopelvic CT. Results: The average thickness of gluteal SCF was $15.92{\pm}4.08mm$ in males and $24.90{\pm}5.47mm$ in females. The thickness of gluteal SCF differed significantly according to gender. The gluteal SCF thickness was greater than 20.4 mm for 54 (12.3%) of the 440 male patients and 99 (77.3%) of the 128 female patients. Conclusion: The most common syringe needle used for gluteal intramuscular injections in Korea is a 23 G, 25.4 mm-needle. The SCF thickness must be less than 20.4 mm in order to reach the dorsogluteal muscles to a depth of at least 5 mm if this 25.4 mm needle is used. In many patients, especially in female patients, the 25.4 mm needles will result in improper intramuscular injections with the injection being into the SCF. Therefore an appropriate needle should be selected by considering the gender and SCF thickness of patients receiving gluteal intramuscular injections.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.128-141
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• 1996

The pourpose of this study is to determine the exact size which can be the basic elements of the fashion design with the measurement of middle-aged women's body, and to grasp the peculiar tomato type of the middle-aged women by compacting each measurement and examing the change of body shape. Making 215 house wives about 40 to 55 years old the subject of this research, we measured the body size from June to August, 1994. After analyzing the data through the 43 item.; of the body measurement, grasping the characteristics of the tomato type, we classified three types of physical standard and looked into the element of body structure. The results were as follows; 1. The average Rohrer index of middle-aged women in Tas-gu is about 1.5 and they usually seem to be fat compared with other groups. 2. Age has much influence on the body change of middle-aged women. Especially around 45 years old, the body change showed remarkable. 3. When analyzing the elements of the body measurement, the biggest elements of middle -aged women's body structure are in the items of width, thickness and girth related to the expansion of body line. Therefore in the middle age, the thickness and the girth have more influence on the human body than the height and the length, so the items of thickness and girth is the most important factor in the somato type. 4. In the slim body and standard body, the thirst factor is the items of height and length related to vertical size and the second is the items of width and thickness and girth. In ice fat body the first factor is the items of width, thickness, girth and the second is those of height, length. Unlike other body shapes, the fat body has many factors, which shows that the fat body has much variation in each part in proportion to fatness.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.279-289
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the physical characteristics and risk factors for hyperchol-esterolemia (HC) in Korean. 344 adult men who took the annual health check-ups at D or J hospitals were participated in this cross-sectional study. The subjects were grouped by plasma total cholesterol level in to three groups: normal cholesterolemic (n=139) borderline hypercholesterolemic(n=93) and hypercholesterolemic (n=112) groups. The data of height weight and plasma cholesterol level were col-lected from medical records. Body circumferences(midarm, waist, hip, and thight) skinfold thicknesses (biceps, triceps, subcostal, abdomen, and suprailic), and body composition (fat mass and fat free mass) were measured. Body mass index (BMI) height/weight ratio (HWR) waist/hip circumference ratio (WHR) waist/ thigh circumference ratio (WTR) central skinfold thickenss (CSF) and peripheral skin-fold thickness were calculated. The subjects with HC had significantly higher weight BMI waist cir-cumference skinfold thickness and body fat mass than those of the normal subjects. The relative and attributable risks on HC were 1.61 and 0.17 for obesity (BMI$\geq$25) 1,30 and 0.11 for upper body obesity (WTR$\geq$1.30) and 1.54 and 0.18 for central body obesity (CSF$\geq$95.7). Plasma total cholesterol level was positively correlated with several antropometric parameters: BMI (p<0.001) weight(p<0.001) waist circumference(p<0.001) and skinfold thickness of abdomen (p<0.001) spraillic (p<0.01) triceps(p<0.01) subcostal (p<0.01) and biceps (p<0.05) In conclusion the major influencing factors to plasma cholesterol level was BMI. Among the each physical parameters the circumference of waist the skinfol-d thickness of abdomen and the percentage of body fat were closely related to plasma cholesterol level. The important risk factor for hypercholesterolemia was obesity specially upper body obesity and central body obesity.