• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.53-67
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to analyze anti-counterfeiting strategies of fashion firms in Korea. Data was collected by in-depth interviews for 25 fashion firms and 5 buying offices who had been victims of counterfeiting. The result showed that fashion firms recognized the counterfeiting, especially deceptive counterfeiting, as a serious problem in Korea and seek for stronger protection. Fashion firms adopted diverse strategies for the protection of trademark and for the protection of design； (1) Investigation and Surveillance, (2) Warning, (3) Prosecution, (4) Lawsuit, (5) Consumer education (6) High-tech tabooing, (7) Provide incentives, (8) Penalty, (9) Do nothing. Despite the diverse efforts, they proposed the most desirable strategies to deter the counterfeiting as the changes of consumer attitude and stronger legal protection.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.310-325
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• 2015

The market for counterfeit luxury fashion goods is proliferating across the globe. In an effort to provide some insight into this phenomenon, this study aimed to identify the antecedents of attitudes toward counterfeits of luxury fashion goods. As antecedents, counterfeit proneness and attitudes toward counterfeiting were considered. It was hypothesized that counterfeit proneness not only influences attitudes toward counterfeits of luxury fashion goods directly but also indirectly through attitudes toward counterfeiting. Data were gathered by surveying university students in Seoul, using convenience sampling. Three hundred five questionnaires were used in the statistical analysis. SPSS was used for exploratory factor analysis, and AMOS was used for confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis. The results showed that all the fit statistics for the variable measures were quite acceptable. In addition, the overall fits of the hypothesized model suggest that the model fits the data well. Factor analysis revealed that counterfeit proneness and attitudes toward counterfeits of luxury fashion goods were uni-dimensional and that attitudes toward counterfeiting were two dimensional, which are 'normatively less susceptible' and 'value conscious'. Test of the hypothesized path showed that counterfeit proneness influences attitudes toward counterfeits of luxury fashion goods indirectly through the two factors of attitudes toward counterfeiting. The results suggest some implications for anti-counterfeit businesses.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.480-489
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• 2020

Controversy and legal disputes over counterfeit fashion designs have recently arisen in the fashion industry. The purpose of this study is to examine cases of counterfeiting disputes over fashion designs, and how the perception of counterfeit fashion designs is fostered from the learner's point of view, suggesting implications for the counterfeiting problem. As a result of this study, first, counterfeiting disputes over fashion design started from a lack of utilization of the Design Protection Act and the ambiguity in counterfeit design criteria. Second, the negative perceptions of counterfeit designs were mainly about unethical behavior, inhibiting the growth of the fashion industry, and reducing consumers' willingness to buy the genuine article. Positive perceptions were mainly about the process of creation, the promotion of a developmental environment for the fashion industry, and the expansion of opportunities to promote new designs. The most common perception was the absence of clear criteria for judgments about counterfeiting. Third, the implications of the counterfeiting problem in fashion design require effective institutional improvement in the fashion industry, the establishment of standards to deal with counterfeiting, the development and practical introduction of education proposals regarding intellectual property rights, and changing the perception of counterfeiting in the fashion industry.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.11-27
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• 2012

This study explores U.S. consumers' perceptions about fashion counterfeit goods and counter feiting and motivations for purchasing and not purchasing those goods. A qualitative research technique utilizing self-administered essay questions was used to collect data. A convenience sample of female college students(N=128) drawn from classes at Midwestern and Southern universities in the U.S. participated in this study. This study found that a majority of consumers tended to perceive that fashion counterfeit goods are merely imitations of the legitimate goods and that counterfeiting is producing and selling fake goods, but a small number of consumers associated those goods with illegally produced goods and illegal practices or violations of intellectual property rights. The major motivations for purchasing counterfeit fashion goods were found to be price/value consciousness, appearance of counterfeit goods, status consumption, availability of the goods, desire for souvenirs, and social(family and peer) influences. In addition, the major deterrents to purchasing these goods were identified as integrity/ethical judgment, poor quality of counterfeit goods, self-image/status, and unavailability of the goods. This study provides policy makers and anti-counterfeit coalitions with information to develop effective educational programs or campaigns to influence consumers' counterfeit fashion purchasing behavior.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.5-21
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• 2001

The intellectual properties right are becoming very critical issues in domestic fashion industries and also international trade. Although it is true that intellectual properties rights are commonly infringed in fashion industry, none of researches has been done for this matter. The present study is to analyze the patterns of infringement by case analysis, which was limited to trademark and trade dress. As a result, in case of trademarks, counterfeiting was relatively clear case, but it is generally investigated by prosecutes whereas the judgement of similar trademark has been taken by legal lawsuit. In case of industrial design(trade dress) most of disputes were related to textile design and modified Korean tradition dress. Reflecting the short history of protection of intellectual properties rights many informations and legal regulations should be established by te government and by the association of fashion related industry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.1466-1476
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• 2011

This study explores if consumer perceptions about genuine luxury fashion merchandise are affected by the presence of counterfeits. A total of 504 consumers participated in an online survey. First, respondents were asked to indicate whether or not they agreed that counterfeits negatively affect genuine luxury fashion brands and to provide reasons for their responses. Approximately 57% replied that counterfeit goods negatively affect the image of genuine luxury fashion brand goods. The main reason mentioned was that counterfeit products damage the producer/copyright holder of genuine products, as well as the national economy; they believed that it damaged the genuine luxury brands' image due to the luxury goods becoming less rare; however, 43% of respondents stated that counterfeits did not negatively affect genuine luxury fashion brands. Thus, counterfeit availability reflects that a brand is renowned and popular in a market where consumers can recognize genuine luxury fashion products from counterfeits. Second, the respondents were asked about specific luxury fashion brands and indicated that seeing counterfeits did not negatively affect genuine luxury fashion brands' value, brand reputation or satisfaction of ownership. The majority of respondents disagreed that the availability of counterfeits negatively affects the value, reputation and satisfaction of owning original luxury brands.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to explore fashion design and merchandising students' perception of creativity and the copyright protection of apparel design. A survey with open-ended questions was developed and distributed to a total of 100 fashion major students with specializations in apparel design and merchandising from three different universities located in a northwestern state of the United States. A majority of respondents showed their awareness that copying apparel design is ethically wrong and counterfeiting is legally wrong. They were able to distinguish between copying and interpreting and were aware that incorporating limited elements from inspirations was ethically acceptable. However, many of the students look for design inspiration from secondary sources, such as existing designers' works which they observe over the Internet, magazines, fashion shows, and store shopping, which may pose them to the temptation to copy such ideas. Although fashion copyright protection law has yet to become enacted, a majority of respondents support passage of fashion copyright protection law. The results give support to the needs for addressing the creative problem-solving processes and ethical decision-making jointly within apparel design and merchandising curriculum.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.188-207
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• 2014

The purpose of this research was to examine the extent of deontological (values) and teleological evaluation (considering consequences) used in arriving at an ethical judgment concerning intention to purchase a fashion counterfeit. In addition, the effect of psychographic (attitudes toward counterfeiting, risk taking, self-image, value consciousness, public self-consciousness, and materialism) and product attributes (perceived fashion content, physical appearance, and image) on intention to purchase a counterfeit product were investigated. Two alternatives and possible consequences as well as the scenario were given to the participants. The first alternative is persuading a friend not to buy a counterfeit and the second alternative is purchasing a counterfeit product with a friend. Participants (n = 245) were undergraduate volunteers enrolled in courses at a Midwestern university. Data were analyzed using confirmatory factory analysis and structural equation modeling. The proposed structural models fit the data adequately in both alternatives, and all paths were significant. Participants followed the decision making steps outlined by Hunt and Vitell (1986) in both alternatives. Personal characteristics exerted no influence on behavioral intentions concerning counterfeits. Two product-related characteristics (i.e., physical appearance of a counterfeit and projected image of a counterfeit) had direct effects on the behavioral intentions. The conclusions of this research are helpful in improving our understanding of variables that influence consumers' purchasing counterfeit luxury products.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.40-48
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• 2009

Counterfeiting is a fast growing market worldwide. The purposes of this study were to examine adolescents' attitudes toward counterfeits, their ethical beliefs, and reference group influence on purchasing counterfeits. Two hundred thirteen high school students in Seoul and subside, South Korea, voluntarily participated in the study. As the results, approximately 30% of the adolescents had purchased counterfeits. Also, the adolescent buyers of counterfeits tended to purchase counterfeit goods as more alternative of genuine products than non-buyers, and did have more positive feeling toward counterfeits than non-buyers of counterfeits. In addition, adolescent buyers of counterfeits had lower consumer ethics than non-buyers. Finally, adolescents who have purchased counterfeits were more influenced by their peer group than those who have not. The findings would benefit marketers and educators in understanding of adolescents' purchasing counterfeit products, and contribute to develop strategies regarding counterfeits. Based on these results, some strategies for marketers and educators would be suggested.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.73
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• pp.47-79
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• 2022

NFT is literally a 'non-fungible token', a digital file that records specific virtual assets on a blockchain. Events such as ownership of the asset and transaction history are recorded on the blockchain through the token transaction, so counterfeiting and falsification are impossible. Therefore, NFT is used as a tool that can uniquely represent a specific virtual asset. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the characteristics of NFT from a records management point of view and to find ways to use them, and focuses on digital records that have the characteristics of assets as digital works. For this purpose, we first examine the basic concept of NFT and the principle of ownership and proof of value as an asset for digital works. In addition, it was confirmed how the advantages of NFT were applied through NFT use cases in various fields, and in particular, areas related to audio-visual records such as art, music, sports, and fashion were focused on. Furthermore, by comparing the characteristics of digital records with those of NFT, factors applicable to electronic records were identified. Finally, the types of digital records that are expected to be effective in the application of NFT were identified, and the possibility of their use and discussion points for introduction in records management are presented.