• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.722-727
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• 2017

Livestock manure is known to be the main cause of non-point pollution in agricultural areas. The pollutant reduction ratio of livestock manure recycling to fertilizers was measured in order to analyze the effect on the water quality of the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) system in Korea. The reduction ratio has been applied by theoretical consideration without a survey, and there is no value for Total Organic Carbon (TOC) newly introducing any organic items. The reduction ratio of each pollutant from this study was revealed as follows: TOC, BOD, T-N and T-P were 0.34, 0.60, 0.37, and 0.42 for individual farm and 0.38, 0.61, 0.45 and 0.44 for entrustment facilities, respectively. The reduction ratio of individual farm was surveyed as TOC 0.63, BOD 0.62, T-N 0.42 and T-P 0.32 for liquid fertilizer, and TOC 0.30, BOD 0.64, T-N 0.40 and T-P 0.48 for compost. The total reduction ratio was derived by multiplying the ratio for liquid fertilizer and compost by the respective load. Compared to the pollutant reduction ratio of the individual farm with entrustment facilities marking the higher in liquid fertilizer and the lower in compost. Through this study, we found the difference of pollutant reduction ratio between a livestock manure recycling process and facilities. Although phosphorus is known as a preservative matter, the treatment efficiency of T-P is analyzed to decrease by chemical precipitation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.137-145
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of implementing a Liquid Manure Circulation System (LMCS) on the environmental improvement of swine farms. Bacterial counts at different circulation phases of the LMCS were measured. Air in the swine facility and the liquid manure in each step of LMCS were sampled and gaseous composition detected in swine farms both with and without LMCS to compare the environmental conditions in either case. There were no differences in the total bacteria count at any circulation phase in the LMCS. Escherichia coli were detected at a very low abundance only at the outlet of the slurry pit ($1.5{\times}10^2CFU/m{\ell}$). Salmonella were not detected at any phase. The LMCS clearly affected the odor strength of the swine farm and improved the air quality in the swine facility. On-site odor strength - inside, at the exhaust, and at the border of the swine facility - were clearly lowered in farms applying LMCS. Furthermore, the levels of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide were improved in swine facilities applying LMCS.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2010

This survey was conducted to investigate the status and strategy of swine manure utilization of 109 swine farms in the Gyeongnam, Korea. The personal properties of owner, types of swine buildings, facilities and equipment for manure management, conditions for manure recycling and farming for recycling resources were surveyed. Age of farm owners were occupied as 44.1% for 50s followed by the 60s with one-forth and 40s with 22.9%. Educational background of farm owners, a high school graduate makes up the largest proportion of farm owners followed by a college graduation with 35.8%. The swine manure collection methods were occupied as 34.9% with totally slurry system and more than 50% slurry system with 34.9% of farms. The manure management cost per ton were occupied as more than two-third with 10,000 won~15,000 won. The cost will pay for manure management, 10,000 won~15,000 won per ton makes up the largest proportion of farm owners. Separator, loader and vehicle to collection, transportation of liquid manure were occupied as 72.5%, 44% and 10.1%, respectively. Recognition of the farming for recycling resources were occupied as 37.6%, however, 25.8% of swine farm owners don't know that. More than sixty percent of swine farms will take a recycling system according to the farming for recycling resources. Conclusively, we have a suggestion in order to promotion of the farming for recycling resources in the Gyeongnam with increasing the portion of recycling of swine manure in each county and revitalizing the marketing of the liquid and solid swine manure fertilizers.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1997

Composting has recently become popular as a means of recycling swine manure into products for sale off the farm, but bulking agent(usually sawdust) are expensive and availability is limited. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of fly ash as a bulking agent on the composting of swine manure and to analyze the effective substitution rate of fly ash mixed with swine manure for sawdust. Fly ash was able to be substituted for sawdust and the most effective substitution rate are 50% of sawdust. According to the results the advanced research and development are required, the effect of swine manure with fly ash on the soil properties, forage composition and animal performance.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.669-684
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• 2013

This study was investigated to evaluate the effects of biodiversity and pest insect occurrence by soil surface management methods such as green manure crop, grass planting and clean-tilled crops on persimmon orchards. Green manure crop pests was investigated 7 species including Hypera postica, Laodephax striatellus, Megoura crassicauda, Aphis craccivora, Nephotettix cincticeps, Liriomyza sp., black spot and the most dangerous pest was H. postica but it did not damaged persimmon tree. Amount of pests and natural enemies dwelling soil covering plant was not difference between organic farming (hairy vetch planting) and conventional farming (natural weed). Homona magnanima occurred three times a year but it rarely damaged leaf of persimmon. Total adult moth catched by pheromone trap was 1,261 organic farm, 1,003 conventional farm and 621 clean-tilled farm. Grapholita molesta occurred four times a year but it also rarely damaged twig of persimmon. Number of collected invertebrate species and individuals on soil sample was follow as : 838 individuals of 22 species at organic farm, 421 individuals of 17 species at conventional farm and 381 individuals of 15 species at clean-tilled farm. The richness index was lined up by organic farm 3.12> conventional farm 2.65> clean-tilled farm 2.36.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 1998

In order to advise how to solve the problems and suggest on the mechanization of beef farm, the facilities and equipment for feeding and supplying water to the animals and transporting manure, and farm machineries of sixty-seven beef cattle farms in western Chungnam Province were surveyed. The results are as follows; 1. The proportions of number of heads per farm for above 70, 50∼70, 30∼50, 10∼30 and below 10 heads were 26, 18, 29, 13 and 13, respectively. The farms with the annual income more than 30 million won are consisted of 67.6% of the farms surveyed which showed to be higher than national average. 2. Only 19% of farms had automatic feeding system. Water was supplied by water cup(45%), opening and shutting water tab(27.6%) and bucket. 3. Cattle manure was transported by manpower (46%) by loader (34%) and by gravitational flow (14%). Most of manure(97%) was composted after treatment of drying or piling up outside. 4. More instruction and education were required because of the insufficient routine checking and fixing for farming machines, and unsystematic education for learning skills. 5. 65% of farms felt unsatisfied about after service(A/S) for their machinery. The main reason why the farmers were not satisfied was that it took too much time to be repaired. 6. When the farms purchased facilities, equipment and machinery, they did not analyze economic value of them and keep a diary. To make effective use of machines, the most available model for purchasing and managing of machines must be developed and applied to various scales of management.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.151-160
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• 2006

For even distribution of liquid manure in the field, a boom nozzle type spreader was designed and studied to determined its suitability for small scale crop production farms. Boom nozzle type spreader was compared in the impact triple nozzle and impact single nozzle type spreader. Spreading uniformity of the boom nozzle type liquid manure spreader showed 5.2% (C.V.) and impact single nozzle type spreader showed 6.9% (C.V.). The spreading uniformity of the impact triple nozzle type spreader was quite uneven, therefore, the spreader could be modified as twin nozzle for spreading in orchard farm. The wheel axle height adjustable type liquid manure spreader has higher the stability and it considered much useful on the hilly agricultural land.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.219-231
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• 2024

Feed has a great influence on the composition of swine manure, which is the principal cause of odor. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to simply change the shape of pig feed and control calories to find a suitable feed form for reducing the smell of swine manure. The experiment was conducted on 15 pigs from July to August 2021, and a total of three measurements were done. Three types of feed were evaluated in this study. The analysis items related to odor of swine manure are complex odor, ammonia, sulfur-based odors, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In the case of complex odor, dilution multiples tended to decrease over time, except for type A feed. The concentration of ammonia in all types of feed decreased over time. Most sulfur-based odorous substances except hydrogen sulfide at the first measurement were not detected. Representatively, Decane, 2,6-Dimethylnonane, and 1-Methyl-3-propylcycolhexane were detected in VOCs generated from swine manure. The major odorous substansces in swine manure have changed from ammonia and sulfur compounds to VOCs. In order to reduce the odor caused by swine manure, it is ad-vantageous to use low-calorie feed consisting of pellet-type.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.763-772
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• 2018

Objective: Swine manure in Korea is separated into solid and liquid phases which are composted separately and then applied on land. The nutrient accumulation in soil has been a big issue in Korea but the basic investigation about nutrient input on arable land has not been achieved in detail. Within the nutrient production from livestock at the national level, most values are calculated by multiplication of the number of animals with the excreta unit per animal. However, the actual amount of nutrients from swine manure may be totally different with the nutrients applied to soil since livestock breeding systems are not the same with each country. Methods: This study investigated 15 farms producing solid compost and 14 farms producing liquid compost. Composting for solid phase used the Turning+Aeration (TA) or Turning (T) only methods, while liquid phase aeration composting was achieved by continuous (CA), intermittent (IA), or no aeration (NA). Three scenarios were constructed for investigating solid compost: i) farm investigation, ii) reference study, and iii) theoretical P changes (${\Delta}P=0$), whereas an experiment for water evaporation was conducted for analyzing liquid compost. Results: In farm investigation, weight loss rates of 62% and 63% were obtained for TA and T, respectively, while evaporation rates for liquid compost were 8.75, 7.27, and $5.14L/m^2{\cdot}d$ for CA, IA, and NA, respectively. Farm investigation provided with the combined nutrient load (solid+liquid) of VS, N, and P of 117.6, 7.2, and $2.7kg/head{\cdot}yr$. Nutrient load calculated from farm investigation is about two times higher than the calculated with reference documents. Conclusion: The nutrient loading coefficients from one swine (solid+liquid) were (volatile solids, 0.79; nitrogen, 0.53; phosphorus, 0.71) with nutrient loss of 21%, 47%, and 29%, respectively. The nutrient count from livestock manure using the excretion unit has probably been overestimated without consideration of the nutrient loss.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.402-411
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• 2013

Objectives: This study aims to assess the concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide according to task unit area at swine farms. Methods: A total of six swine farms were selected for this study. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were monitored using a real-time multi-gas monitor which could sample the gases simultaneously. The sampling was done in the pig building, manure storage facility and composting facility of each farm. Results: The concentration of ammonia in the pig buildings(GM 22.6 ppm, GSD 2.3) was significantly higher(p<0.0001) than in the manure storage facilities(GM 10.4 ppm, GSD 2.7) and composting facilities(GM 8.6 ppm, GSD 2.8). The concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the manure storage facilities(GM 9.8 ppm, GSD 3.2) was higher(p<0.0001) than in the pig buildings(GM 2.3 ppm, GSD 2.3) and composting facilities(GM 1.9 ppm, GSD 2.5). In particular, the levels of hydrogen sulfide in the confined manure storage facilities were higher than those in open-type facilities and the peak concentration(98 ppm) in the confined facilities was approximate to 100 ppm, at the value of Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health(IDLH). Conclusions: Suffocation accidents caused by hazardous gases at a swine farm have occurred annually. Real-time monitoring of the hazards should be done in order to protect farm workers and livestock from the sudden accidents.