• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.652-655
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• 2013

Natural habitats of weedy melons were distributed on the islands along and on the west and south coasts of Korean peninsula including Boryeong, Seosan (Taean), Seocheon, Okgu, Buan, Gochang, Yeonggwang, Muan, Shinan, Haenam, Jindo, Wando, Goheung, Yeocheon, Hadong, Namhae, Goseong, Tongyeong, Geoje, and Jeju islands including Jeju city, Bukjeju-gun and Nam Jeju-gun. Weedy melons were found growing wildly in or around the cultivated lands in these regions. Natural habitats of weedy melons were in and around the cultivated lands. Weedy melon plants were found most often in soybean fields, followed by fields of mungbean, sweet potato, pepper, sesame, cotton, and peanuts. The plants were also found growing wild in foxtail millet fields, rice paddy levees along the streams, upland field edges, watermelon fields, corn fields, vegetable gardens near farmhouse, orange fields, compost piles, fallow fields, roadside and home gardens. They inhabited in sunny and a little dry spaces in relatively low-height crop plant fields in general. The time of fruit maturity was from early July to late October with the most frequency in September according to post survey answer. Fruits dropped off from the fruit stalk when matured. This phenomenon was thought beneficial for perpetuation in the wild. The fruits were being used commonly for food and toys for children. It was thought that weedy melons were perpetuating through the cycle of human and animal feeding of the fruits, human and animal droppings, often mixed in compost, and application of the compost to crop fields by human.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.60-68
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• 2008

Three land-use limitations including water hazard, soil erosion and fallow potential were evaluated to define an unfair area. Landscape indices in the unfair areas, defined by evaluations before and after landscape enhancement, were computed by Fragstats v3.3 and compared in order to propose a landscape enhancement plan. The results are as follows: First, as a result of the land evaluation, 388.56ha was analyzed for the 1st class(S1), 623.25ha for the 2nd class(S2), 138.08ha(S3s: 82.47ha, S3e: 51.88ha) for the 3rd class(S3), 230.44ha(N1w: 194.91ha, N1e: 23.09ha, N1es: 13.94ha) for the 4th class(N1), and 67.91ha(N2w: 60. 89ha, N2es: 7.02ha) for the 5th class(N2). The classes under the 3rd class(including the 3rd class) were determined as an unfair area, and proposed landscape enhancement for them. Second, it was proposed that unfair areas with potential water hazards(N1 w, N2w) be restored as a wetland and buffer zone. At this point, the farmers owning these fields could be compensated using the direct payment for landscape conservation(DPLC). Areas witha relatively lower slope(S3e) or a steep slope(N1e) containing soil erodibility potential were proposed to be restored as a sod-culture-applied field and substitute vegetation or potentially natural vegetation, respectively. The unfair areas having fallow potential(S3s, N1es, N2es) were proposed to apply special use crops for the S3s fields, native plants for the N1es fields, and intended fallow for the N2es fields. Third, after landscape enhancement, theforest had higher values in the indices of NP, PLAND, LSI, IJI, and TCA, while paddy and upland had lower values in most indices except NP and LSI. The forest patches increased and were more plentiful with their restoration and had much greater possibility to join with nearby patches. With continued restoration, forest patches will have a large core area and small number of patches due to the conglomeration of patches, which positively influences the species of diversity in the forest patches.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.413-422
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• 2022

To identify rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars suitable for Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)-rice double cropping systems, we investigated the yield and grain quality of four different midseason maturing rice cultivars ('Daebo', 'Haepum', 'Haiami', and 'Samdeog') and four midseason-to-late maturing rice cultivars ('Hyunpoom', 'Saeilmi', 'Saenuri', and 'Samkwang') in single rice cropping and Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping systems in paddy fields of Miryang, South Korea. We found that organic matter and available P₂O₅ content slightly decreased, whereas Na content increased, in the soil where Italian ryegrass was cultivated during winter compared to that in the soil that remained fallow during winter. The pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and contents of K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Na⁺ decreased, whereas the available P₂O₅ content slightly increased, in the soil where rice was harvested in both single and double cropping systems. However, compared to the optimum soil conditions for rice cultivation, available P₂O₅ and K⁺ content were high and Mg²⁺ content was low in both single and double cropping systems. At the heading stage, the culm length and leaf color slightly increased in most of the rice cultivars, whereas the panicle length and number slightly decreased, in the double cropped system. After harvesting, spikelet number and milled rice yield did not show a significant difference between single and double cropping systems. However, the ripened grain rate and weight per thousand grains increased slightly in the 'Saeilmi' and 'Samkwang' cultivars but remained either stable or slightly low in other cultivars in the double cropping system. The milled rice yield was high (> 500 kg/10a) in 'Daebo' and 'Haepum' among midseason maturing rice cultivars, and in 'Saeilmi' and 'Saenuri' among midseason-to-late maturing rice cultivars, in both single and double cropping systems. The head rice rate was high in midseason maturing rice cultivars in the double cropping systems, reaching > 70% in 'Haepum' and 'Haiami' cultivars, whereas it decreased in most midseason-to-late maturing rice cultivars (excluding 'Samkwang' cultivar), in double cropping systems. Particularly, it exceeded > 70% in the 'Saenuri' cultivar in both single and double cropping systems. The protein content in milled rice increased, whereas the amylose content either remained stable or slightly increased, in double cropping systems. The Toyo taste value decreased in all midseason-to-late maturing rice cultivars and slightly increased in the 'Daebo' and 'Haiami' cultivars among midseason maturing rice cultivars in double cropping systems. However, Toyo taste values in the 'Haepum', 'Haiami', and 'Saenuri' cultivars exceeding > 80% in both single and double cropping systems. Therefore, we recommend 'Haepum', 'Haiami', and 'Saenuri' cultivars as candidates for Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping systems due to high yield, head rice rate, and Toyo taste value.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.297-306
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• 2021

To select rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars suitable for forage-rice double cropping system, the growth and grain quality of four early maturing rice cultivars (Joun, Jopyeong, Haedamssal, and Unkwang), and the chemical properties of soils were investigated under single- (fallow-rice) and forage-rice double-cropping systems in paddy fields in Miryang, southern Korea. The soil where two forage crops [Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and oat (Avena sativa L.)] were cultivated during winter had a slightly lower pH; an increase in total nitrogen (T-N), K, Ca, and Na contents; and a slight decrease in organic matter and available P₂O₅ contents, compared with the soil fallowed during winter. This shows that the chemical properties of paddy soils can be improved by winter forage cropping. At the heading stage, the culm length, panicle length, panicle number, and leaf color of all cultivars, except for Haedamssal, were generally higher under double-cropping than under single-cropping. For Haedamssal, the culm length and leaf color did not differ between the cropping systems, but the panicle length was slightly shortened and its panicle number increased under double-cropping. After harvest, the yield of milled rice decreased for all cultivars except Haedamssal, but increased in Haedamssal under double-cropping. The head rice rate was slightly higher under double cropping, particularly in Jopyeong and Haedamssal, than under single-cropping. The protein content of milled rice under double cropping was higher and its amylose content was similar or slightly lower compared to those of rice under single cropping, resulting in decreased Toyo values for rice under double-cropping. The pasting temperature did not differ significantly between the cropping systems. However, Haedamssal had a low pasting temperature but a high Toyo value under double cropping, compared to the other three cultivars, suggesting that its palatability is relatively high. Furthermore, panicle number increased and milled rice yield did not decrease, even under double cropping. Therefore, Haedamssal seems to be the best cultivar for paddy-based double cropping with forage crops.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.23 no.3 s.60
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• pp.158-165
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• 1984

These studies were carried out to investigate the bionomics of Gonatocerus sp. y (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) , an egg parasite of the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler (Homoptera: Deltocephalidae) under laboratory and field conditions at Gyeongnam Provincial O.R.D. in Jinju from 1982 to 1983. The developmental period of each life stage was observed under four different temperature conditions from $15^{\circ}C\;to\;30^{\circ}C\;with\;5^{\circ}C$ increment. The development from egg to adult at 15^{\circ}C,\;20^{\circ}C,\;25^{\circ}C,\;and\;30^{\circ}C $ was completed in an average of 53, 25, 15, and 12 days and the females laid an average of 28, 48, 42, and 32 eggs respectively, with a maximum of 98. And most of the eggs were laid in the first two days after emergence. The time of adult emergence was determined under $25{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ condition. More than $76\%$ of the wasps emerged in the morning and the rest of them emerged in the afternoon. The average sex ratio between male and female was 1 : 5 when the wasps were developed from fertilized eggs. The longevity of female was greater than that of male when honey and water were provided as food, however, it was not when only water was supplied as food. The average longevities of females were 30 days at $15^{\circ}C$ and 15 days at $20^{\circ}C$ when honey and water were given as food. The peak precent parasitism of Gonatocerus sp. v on Nephotettix cincticeps in fallow fields was observed between late April and early May. The percent parasitism of the wasps In fallow fields was an average of 49\~59.9\% $ in Gyeochang, Namji and $23.2\~36\%$ in Namhae. The parasitic activities of the parasite had four peaks in paddy field, however, the highest peak was observed between late August and early September. The Percent e99 Parasitism of Gonatocerus sp. y was an average of $12.3\%$ on second the generation and $24.6\%$ of third genera lion of Nephotettix cinrticeps.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.84-90
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• 2018

Cultivation of high-quality forage crop by using fallow field during winter is required for national high feed self-sufficiency and establishment of self-supply system of high-quality forage crop. Field experiments for cultivation of high-quality winter forage crop were conducted at the paddy and upland fields in Cheonan and Anseong city with treatments of single Italian ryegrass(IRG) and IRG mixed with forage barley at the paddy field and of single forage barley and forage barley mixed with IRG at the upland field in the Mid-west plain. Several cultivation conditions such as broadcasting IRG seed under standing rice, sowing time, tillage method, drainage condition, mixed sowing with forage barley were compared to know the change of growth, yield and quality of winter forage crop. In particular, over-wintering rate and dry matter yield were decreased significantly in late-sown IRG and moisture-stressed forage barley. Yield and quality of forage crops were increased by sowing after tillage, mixed sowing of IRG with barley at the paddy field with good drainage. High yield as much as dry matter $10MT\;ha^{-1}$ with high feed value could be obtained by early sowing of feed barley mixed with IRG at the upland field. Cultivation conditions such as early sowing, sowing after tillage, drainage management are required for higher dry matter yield, quality and stable cultivation of winter forage crops in the mid-west plain of Korea.