• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.5937-5946
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• 2012

The term endocrine disruptors is used to describe a variety of natural and manmade substances that have the capacity to potentially interfere with and modify the normal physiology of endocrine system either by mimicking, blocking or modulating the actions of natural endogenous hormones. The rising incidence of breast cancer over the last 50 years and the documented higher incidence in urban as compared to rural areas suggest a relationship to the introduction and increased use of xenoestrogens in our environment. The literature has developed over the last decades where initial experiments on endocrine disruptors did not support an involvement in breast cancer, and then evidence mounted implicating various environmental factors including hormones, endocrine disrupting chemicals and non-endocrine disrupting environmental carcinogens in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Available data support the hypothesis that exposure to endocrine disruptors in utero leaves a signature on mammary gland morphogenesis so that the resulting dysgenic gland becomes more predisposed to develop tumors upon exposures to additional insults later on during life. Exceptionally, exposure to phytoestrogens could be beneficial to human health. Most of the available data are from well developed countries while the developing countries are still understudied regarding these issues. Here, we raise a note of caution about potential role of environmental toxins including endocrine disruptors in breast cancer development and call for serious measures to be taken by all involved parties in the developing world.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.791-798
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of saline solution vs. heparinized-saline for maintenance of arterial lines and to detect changes in platelet and aPTT as physiological indexes. Methods: In this nonequivalent control group, non-synchronized, double-blind study the effects of heparinized and saline solution on the maintenance of arterial lines were compared. Fifty five patients received the heparinized solution and fifty nine patients received the saline solution. All patients who had surgery in K-university hospital between September and December 2011 were eligible for participation in the study. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the saline and the heparin group in the maintenance time of the arterial lines or the number of irrigations. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in changes in the number of platelets and aPTT for interaction between the groups and time intervals. Conclusion: The results indicate that saline solution can be used as an irrigation solution for the maintenance of arterial lines of adult surgical patients, rather than heparinized-saline, in view of potential risk factors in the use of heparin.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.89-94
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• 2016

The number of camping population and sites are rapidly increasing with to the expansion of camping culture and the advancement of leisure culture. It is necessary to develop an effective strategy of safety management, as a lot of accidents occur due to the increase of population and sites for camping. Particular attention needs to be paid for accident prevention in the increasing accidents of explosion awing to the overheating of bytane gas, and carbon monoxide poisoning due to the use of non-ventilated areas. In this study, the direction of safety management strategy is analyzed by a survey and analysis of risk factors in campsite about gas facilities and gas appliances in camp site. Accordingly, some directions are suggested. Conclusively, it is expected that the results of this study could help to improve efficiency management for camping.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.157-175
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• 2017

The novelty of this work is the use of a new displacement field that includes undetermined integral terms for analyzing thermal buckling response of functionally graded (FG) sandwich plates. The proposed kinematic uses only four variables, which is even less than the first shear deformation theory (FSDT) and the conventional higher shear deformation theories (HSDTs). The theory considers a trigonometric variation of transverse shear stress and verifies the traction free boundary conditions without employing the shear correction factors. Material properties of the sandwich plate faces are considered to be graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power-law variation in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. The core layer is still homogeneous and made of an isotropic material. The thermal loads are assumed as uniform, linear and non-linear temperature rises within the thickness direction. An energy based variational principle is employed to derive the governing equations as an eigenvalue problem. The validation of the present work is checked by comparing the obtained results the available ones in the literature. The influences of aspect and thickness ratios, material index, loading type, and sandwich plate type on the critical buckling are all discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.405-412
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• 2011

Increased Non-permeable areas which have resulted from civilization reduce the volume of groundwater infiltration that is one of the important factors causing water shortage during a dry season. Thus, seeking the efficient method to analyze the volume of groundwater in accurate should be needed to solve water shortage problems. In this study, two different watersheds were selected and precipitation, soil group, and land use were surveyed in a particular year in order to figure out the accuracy of estimated infiltration recharge ratio compared to Web-based Hydrograph Analysis Tool (WHAT). The volume of groundwater was estimated considering Antecedent soil Moisture Condition (AMC) and Curve Number (CN) using Long Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L-THIA) model. The results of this study showed that in the case of Kyoung-an watershed, the volume of both infiltration and baseflow seperated from WHAT was 46.99% in 2006 and 33.68% in 2007 each and in Do-am watershed the volume of both infiltration and baseflow was 33.48% in 2004 and 23.65% in 2005 respectively. L-THIA requires only simple data (i.e., land uses, soils, and precipitation) to simulate the accurate volume of groundwater. Therefore, with convenient way of L-THIA, researchers can manage watershed more effectively than doing it with other models. L-THIA has limitations that it neglects the contributions of snowfall to precipitation. So, to estimate more accurate assessment of the long term hydrological impacts including groundwater with L-THIA, further researches about snowfall data in winter should be considered.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 2011

Four diazinon-degrading bacteria were isolated from agricultural soil by using an enrichment technique. The biochemical analysis and molecular method including RFLP indicated that these isolates were identical, and one strain designated DI101 was selected for further study. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequencing indicated that the strain DI101 clearly belongs to the Serratia marcescens group. The ability of the strain to utilize diazinon as a source of carbon and phosphorus was investigated under different culture conditions. The DI101 strain was able to completely degrade 50 mg/l diazinon in MSM within 11 days with a degradation rate of 0.226 $day^{-1}$. The inoculation of sterilized soil treated with 100 mg/kg of diazinon with $10^6$ CFU/g DI101 resulted in a faster degradation rate than was recorded in non-sterilized soil. The diazinon degradation rate by DI101 was efficient at temperatures from 25 to $30^{\circ}C$ and at pHs from 7.0 to 8.0. The degradation rate of diazinon was not affected by the absence of a phosphorus supplement, and addition of other carbon sources (glucose or succinate) resulted in the slowing down of the degradation rate. The maximum degradation rate ($V_{max}$) of diazinon was 0.292 $day^{-1}$ and its saturation constant ($K_s$) was 11 mg/l, as determined by a Michaelis-Menten curve. The strain was able to degrade diethylthiophosphate-containing organophosphates such as chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, parathion, and isazofos when provided as a source of carbon and phosphorus, but not ethoprophos, cadusafos, and fenamiphos. These results propose useful information for the potential application of the DI101 strain in bioremediation of pesticide-contaminated environments.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.02a
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• pp.937-944
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• 2006

Although people's anxiety about the environmental problem has been getting higher, they are not provided good quality of knowledge about the environment. Based on this situation, Ecoblog can be a new type of online community to educate the public in ecological knowledge. Especially, Ecoblog can be utilized as a method of "preventive education", and it will contribute to reduce great amounts of environmental budget to restore contaminated environment to previous condition. Ecoblog also utilizes the concept of blog which user can create and append their site with chosen themes. A weblog or a blog is a non-commercial webpage regularly updated through the use of a blogging software which allows the user to "publish" kinds of amalgamations of text and graphics to the page as posts. The technology offered in Ecoblog is utilizing the concept of 4D place and game metaphor in order to provide users the sense of participation, interaction and immersion among them and the growing community. Thus, it requires applying the CAAD technology by implementing semantically well-defined building data model as a core database to create a 4D virtual community. This research focuses on defining a 4d spatial framework suitable for developing an online ecological community. Through our study, the state-of-the-art of online community has been studied at the first step. Second, the scenario of using EcoBlog described with content, visualization and navigation are defined based on the critical features derived at the first step. Finally, a 4d spatial framework composed of semantic building data model, content and rule database is constructed to propose factors that are necessary to establish an ecological virtual community. In conclusion, our framework could enhance the comprehension and interaction between users and virtual buildings in the ecological community by integrating the concept of game design, 4D CAD and semantic data model. Such framework can be applied to any online community for an educational purpose.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.1150-1163
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• 2016

This study makes use of meta-analysis to statistically integrate the quantitative results of individual research on the influence of fashion product attributes on purchase; in addition, this study utilizes the effect sizes of correlation coefficients. This study was based on 24 individual studies from January 2000 to March 2015. The meta-analysis analyzed 91 effect sizes and 24 studies and calculated the correlation coefficient effect sizes. A random effect model was employed for meta-analysis because the results for the homogeneity test indicated that the effect sizes of each research were heterogeneous. The analysis results are as follows. First, when the total effect sizes of the fashion product attributes that influence clothing purchase decisions were calculated as .256; this indicated that the effect size is slightly below the mid-sized level. Second, upon examining the effect sizes of the categorized fashion product attributes, the intrinsic attributes yielded .222, extrinsic factors yielded .235, and the compiled attributes yielded .420; this demonstrated that the compiled attributes have a larger effect size than individual attributes. Third, when they were measured by the characteristics of study targets, they were larger for a mixed-gender group than women as well as for ordinary citizens than university students. When the effect sizes were measured based on the characteristics of fashion products as suggested in the study, there were significant differences with respect to sportswear, followed by SPA brand clothing, general clothing, fashion accessories, and designer clothing. The cases where the clothing were purchased in non-retail stores were found to have a slightly larger effect size than those of offline retail stores when the effect sizes were measured based on purchase routes; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Next, an investigation of the trend of effect sizes based on published year via the meta regression analysis indicated slightly larger effect sizes as shown in more recent publications, but this was not statistically significant.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.603-620
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• 2022

Human activities have caused an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in climate change that affects many factors of human life including its effect on water and food quality in certain areas with implications for human health. CH₄ and N₂O are known as potent non-CO₂ GHGs. The livestock industry contributes to direct emissions of CH₄ (38.24%) and N₂O (6.70%) through enteric fermentation and manure treatment, as well as indirect N₂O emissions via NH₃ volatilization. NH₃ is also a secondary precursor of particulate matter. Several approaches have been proposed to address this issue, including dietary management, manure treatment, and the possibility of inhibitor usage. Inhibitors, including urease and nitrification inhibitors, are widely used in agricultural fields. The use of urease and nitrification inhibitors is known to be effective in reducing nitrogen loss from agricultural soil in the form of NH₃ and N₂O and can further reduce CH₄ as a side effect. However, the effectiveness of inhibitors in livestock manure systems has not yet been explored. This review discusses the potential of inhibitor usage, specifically of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide, dicyandiamide, and 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate, to reduce emissions from livestock manure. This review focuses on the application of inhibitors to manure, as well as the association of these inhibitors with health, toxicity, and economic benefits.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.114-129
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of consumer's need for uniqueness, whether or not using ALPHA-NUMERIC Brand Name and types of fashion goods upon the consumer's attitude. The experimental design of this study is three-ways complex factors design of 2 (Consumer's Need for Uniqueness : High vs Law) ${\times}$ 2 (Whether or not to use ALPHA-NUMERIC Brand Name : Used brand vs Non-used brand) ${\times}$ 2 (Types of fashion goods: Rational fashion goods vs Emotional fashion goods) The conclusions are as follows. 1. The interaction effect upon a favorite level according to consumer's need for uniqueness, whether or not using ALPHA-NUMERIC brand name and types of fashion goods upon the consumer's attitude is proven significant. For the group where customer's need for uniqueness is low, when ALPHA-NUMERIC brand name is not used, the favorableness of rational fashion good, a parka is lower than that of emotional fashion good, one-piece dress. However, there is no significant difference in favorableness by types of fashion goods when ALPHA-NUMERIC brand name is used. At the group with high need for uniqueness, while there is no significant difference in favorableness when ALPHA-NUMERIC brand name is not used, the favorableness of parka is higher than that of one-piece dress when ALPHA-NUMERIC brand name is used. 2. The interaction effects upon purchase intention according to consumer's need for uniqueness, whether or not using ALPHA-NUMERIC brand name and types of fashion goods are proven significant. For the group where customer's need for uniqueness is low, there is no significant different in the favorableness whether or not ALPHA-NUMERIC brand name is used. On the other hand, the group with high need for uniqueness, if ALPHA-NUMERIC brand name is used, the intention to purchase parka is higher than the intention to purchase one-piece dress.