• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.1049-1060
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• 2021

Objective: This study assessed the effect of different levels of xylanase, β-glucanase and phytase on intestinal enzyme activities and tibia bone development in broiler chickens fed wheat-based diets. Methods: Twelve experimental diets were formulated using a 3×2×2 factorial design (three doses of phytase and two doses of both xylanase and β-glucanase) and offered to 648 day-old Ross 308 male chicks having 6 replicates groups with 9 birds per replicate and lasted for 35 days. Results: An interaction between the enzymes products improved (p<0.01) the activity of chymotrypsin. Protein content at d 10 was highest (p<0.001) with addition of phytase while general proteolytic activity (GPA) (p<0.02) and lipase activity (p<0.001) were decreased. At d 24, there were improvements in protein content (p<0.01) and lipase (p<0.04) with supplementation of superdose phytase. Addition of superdose phytase decreased in chymotrypsin (p<0.02), trypsin (p<0.01) and GPA (p<0.001). The optimum dose of xylanase decreased the chymotrypsin activity (p = 0.05), while the GPA (p<0.001) was increased with the optimum level of β-glucanase. Superdose phytase supplementation at d 10 improved maltase (p = 0.05), sucrase (p<0.001) and alkaline phosphatase (p<0.001) activities in the jejunum while aminopeptidase activity was highest (p<0.005) with the low level of phytase. Protein content of jejunum mucosa was bigger (p<0.001) in birds fed superdose phytase while maltase activity (p<0.001) at d 24 was reduced by this treatment. Sucrase (p<0.04) and aminopeptidase activities (p<0.001) improved when diets supplemented with low levels of phytase. Tibia bone breaking strength was highest (p<0.04) with addition of low level of superdose phytase or optimum level of β-glucanase. Bone dry matter content decreased (p<0.04) when diets supplemented with phytase. Conclusion: From the results obtained in this study, supplementation of superdose phytase was the most effective, however, the cost-benefit analysis of the use of such a dose needs to be evaluated.

• 재활복지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.247-264
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• 2016

가정환경 아동듣기평가 (Children's Home Inventory for Listening Difficulties, CHILD)는 청각장애 아동의 가정환경에서의 듣기 어려움을 평가하기 위한 부모용 설문지로 임상에서 널리 사용되고 있는 도구이다. 본 연구의 목적은 CHILD를 한국어로 번역하고 국내의 인공와우 착용 유아 및 학령기 아동을 대상으로 실시함으로써 검사의 내적 신뢰도를 평가하고 아동의 가정환경 내 의사소통 및 청각 이해도를 파악하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 국내 인공와우를 착용한 청각장애 아동의 부모 55명(유아 27명, 초등 28명)을 대상으로 한국어 버전 CHILD 부모용 설문지 검사를 실시하였다. 내적일치도를 확인하였으며, 연령대(유아, 초등)와 평가요인(조용한 상황, 소음 상황, 먼거리 상황, 사회적 상황, 미디어 상황)를 비교하기 위하여 혼합요인 반복측정 분산분석 및 사후분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 한국어 버전 CHILD의 전체 크론바흐 알파값은 .96(조용한 상황 .96, 소음 상황 .93, 먼 거리 상황 .82, 사회적 상황 .93)이었다. 연령대와 평가요인 간 상호작용은 유의하지 않았으나, 초등 연령대의 점수가 유아 연령대에 비해 모든 상황에서 유의미하게 높았다. 전체 연령대에서 조용한 상황 요인이 가장 높은 점수를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 유아와 초등 연령대 양쪽에서 가장 낮은 점수를 보인 것은 사회적 상황 요인이었으며 분석 결과, 인공와우 착용아동들은 사회적 상황이 다른 듣기 어려운 상황과 결합될 때 특히 어려워하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연에서 CHILD 부모용 설문지를 한국어로 번역하고 국내 임상에 적용한 결과는 유효하였으므로 한국어 버전 CHILD를 국내 가정환경에서 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.427-435
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• 2019

본 연구는 고등학생의 식품위생인식, 식품위생태도와 개인위생관리의 요인 간 관계를 구조방정식 모형 으로 분석하였다. 실증분석을 위해, 2015년 7월 16일부터 10월 15일 까지 충남지역 16개 고등학교의 학년 당 30명씩의 학생들에게 설문지를 배부하여 미회수 및 불충분한 설문지를 제외하고 총 1,214부를 분석하였다. 각각의 측정변수들이 잠재변수(식품위생인식, 식품위생태도와 개인위생관리)를 얼마나 잘 반영하고 있는지 살펴본 결과, 유의수준 0.001 수준에서 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다. 이는 각각의 개별 측정변수들이 잠재변수를 잘 반영하는 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 또한 잠재 변수들 간의 상관계수는 유의수준 0.01에서 모두 정적 관계로 나타났다. 구조모형의 경로계수를 살펴본 결과, 식품위생인식은 식품위생태도(표준요인 부하랑=0.753)에, 식품위생태도는 개인위생관리(표준요인 부하랑=0.840)에 통계적으로 유의한 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 식품위생인식이 식품위생태도에 영향을 미치고, 이러한 식품위생태도가 개인위생관리에 영향을 미치는 것을 보여주는 결과이다. 본 연구는 식품위생인식이 바로 개인위생관리를 높이지는 않으나, 식품위생태도를 높이고, 식품위생태도는 개인위생관리를 높일 수 있음을 시사한다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.642-651
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of different roughages in total mixed ration (TMR) inoculated with or without coculture of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial population. Methods: Three TMRs formulations composed of different forages were used and each TMR was grouped into two treatments: non-fermented TMR and fermented TMR (F-TMR) (inoculated with coculture of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis). After fermentation, the fermentation, chemical and microbial profile of the TMRs were determined. The treatments were used for in vitro rumen fermentation to determine total gas production, pH, ammonianitrogen (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Microbial populations were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All data were analyzed as a 3×2 factorial arrangement design using the MIXED procedure of Statistical Analysis Systems. Results: Changes in the fermentation (pH, lactate, acetate, propionate, and NH3-N) and chemical composition (moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, and ash) were observed. For in vitro rumen fermentation, lower rumen pH, higher acetate, propionate, and total VFA content were observed in the F-TMR group after 24 h incubation (p<0.05). F-TMR group had higher acetate concentration compared with the non-fermented group. Total VFA was highest (p<0.05) in F-TMR containing combined forage of domestic and imported source (F-CF) and F-TMR containing Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage (F-IRS-CS) than that of TMR diet containing oat, timothy, and alfalfa hay. The microbial population was not affected by the different TMR diets. Conclusion: The use of Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage, as well as the inoculation of coculture of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis, in the TMR caused changes in the pH, lactate and acetate concentrations, and chemical composition of experimental diets. In addition, F-TMR composed with Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage altered ruminal pH and VFA concentrations during in vitro rumen fermentation experiment.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.1223-1234
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• 2022

Objective: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of daily feed intake during the laying period on embryonic myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1), myogenic factor 5 (MYF5), and myogenic factor 6 (MYF6) gene expression in genetically fat and lean lines of chickens. Methods: An experiment in a 2×2 factorial design was conducted with two dietary intake levels (100% and 75% of nutrition recommendation) and two broiler chicken lines (fat and lean). Two lines of hens (n = 384 for each line) at 23th week of age were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 12 replicates of 16 birds. The experiment started at 27th week of age (5% egg rate) and ended at 54th week of age. Hatched eggs from the medium laying period were collected. Real time polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to analyse the MYOD1, MYF5, and MYF6 mRNA levels of E7, E9, E11, E13, and E15 body tissues and E17, E19, and E21 chest and thigh muscle samples. Results: The results indicated that there were significant effects of line, dietary intake, and interactions between them on MYOD1, MYF5, and MYF6 gene mRNA expression levels in embryonic tissues. Low daily feed intake did not change the expression trend of MYOD1 mRNA in either line, but changed the peak values, especially in lean line. Low daily feed intake altered the trend in MYF5 mRNA expression level in both lines and apparently delayed its onset. There was no apparent effect of low daily feed intake on the trends of MYF6 mRNA expression levels in either line, but it significantly changed the values on many embryonic days. Conclusion: Maternal nutrient restriction affects myogenesis and is manifested in the expression of embryonic MYOD1, MYF5, and MYF6 genes. Long term selection for fat deposition in broiler chickens changes the pattern and intensity of myogenesis.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.160-171
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• 2021

Purpose. This in-vitro study evaluated and compared the color stability of 3D-printed and conventional heat-polymerized acrylic resins following aging, mechanical brushing, and immersion in staining medium. Materials and methods. Forty disc-shaped specimens (10 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick) were prepared from two 3D-printed [DentaBASE (DB) and Denture 3D+ (D3D)] and one conventional polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) denture materials. The specimens were thermo-cycled, subjected to mechanical brushing, and were immersed in either coffee, lemon juice, coke, or artificial saliva (AS) to simulate one and two years of oral use. Color measurements of the specimens were recorded by a spectrophotometer at baseline (T0), and after one (T1) and two years (T2) of simulation. The color changes (ΔE) were determined and also quantified according to the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) units. Descriptive statistics, followed by factorial ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test (α=.05), were applied for data analysis. Results. The independent factors, namely material, staining medium, and immersion time, and interaction among these factors significantly influenced ΔE (P<.009). Irrespective of the materials, treatments, and time, the highest and the lowest mean ΔEs were observed for PMMA in lemon juice (4.58 ± 1.30) and DB in AS (0.41 ± 0.18), respectively. Regarding the material type, PMMA demonstrated the highest mean ΔE (2.31 ± 1.37), followed by D3D (1.67 ± 0.66), and DB (0.85 ± 0.52), and the difference in ΔE between the materials were statistically significant (P<.001). All the specimens demonstrated a decreased color changes at T2 compared to T1, and this difference in mean ΔE was statistically significant (P<.001). Conclusion. The color changes of 3D-printed denture resins were low compared to conventional heat polymerized PMMA. All the tested materials, irrespective of the staining medium used, demonstrated a significant decrease in ΔE values over time.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.613-623
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• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of addition levels of coffee and green tea by products extract including polyphenols through hot water extraction on rumen fermentation. The treatment groups consisted of coffee extract (CO), green tea extract (GR) and mixed extract (MIX), and the addition level was 10 µL, 20 µL and 30 µL of three levels. The experiment consisted of a total of 10 experimental groups including the control group, and a full factorial design was used. The effect of polyphenol addition in coffee and green tea by-products was analyzed through main and interaction effect of statistical analysis. The total polyphenol content of the extracts was 106.15, 79.10 and 185.25 ㎍ GAE/g DM for coffee by-product, green tea by-product and mixture, respectively. Total gas production was significantly lower in the treatment groups than in the control (114.00 mL/gDM) (p<0.05). Methane emission tended to decrease as the polyphenol addition level increased. Moreover, the MIX showed the lowest methane emission when 30 µL was added (p<0.05). Volatile fatty acids showed a significant difference compared to the treatment group as a control (98.06 mM) (p<0.05), but there was no change according to the level of polyphenols. As a result of the main effect and interaction, it is thought that the effect on methane reduction and improvement of rumen fermentation in MIX20 can be expected. In a series of studies, the addition of 20 µL of a blended extract of coffee and green tea by-products is thought to reduce methane to levels that do not inhibit rumen fermentation.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권sup1호
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• pp.113-125
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• 2022

In the current years, it has now become necessary to establish standards for micronutrient intake based on scientific evidence. This review discusses issues related to the development of the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRI) for magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), and future research directions. Following issues were encountered when establishing the KDRI for these minerals. First, characteristics of Korean subjects need to be applied to estimate nutrient requirements. When calculating the estimated average requirement (EAR), the KDRI used the results of balance studies for Mg absorption and factorial analysis for Zn, which is defined as the minimum amount to offset endogenous losses for Zn and Mg. For Cu, a combination of indicators, such as depletion/repletion studies, were applied, wherein all reference values were based on data obtained from other countries. Second, there was a limitation in that it was difficult to determine whether reference values of Mg, Zn, and Cu intakes in the 2020 KDRI were achievable. This might be due to the lack of representative previous studies on intakes of these nutrients, and an insufficient database for Mg, Zn, and Cu contents in foods. This lack of database for mineral content in food poses a problem when evaluating the appropriateness of intake. Third, data was insufficient to assess the adequacy of Mg, Zn, and Cu intakes from supplements when calculating reference values, considering the rise in both demand and intake of mineral supplements. Mg is more likely to be consumed as a multi-nutrient supplement in combination with other minerals than as a single supplement. Moreover, Zn-Cu interactions in the body need to be considered when determining the reference intake values of Zn and Cu. It is recommended to discuss these issues present in the 2020 KDRI development for Mg, Zn, and Cu intakes in a systematic way, and to find relevant solutions.

• 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2019

본 연구의 목적은 식사의 간편성, 개인 가치관, 비인간 관계, 태도형성, 인지가 혼자 식사하는 요인에 관한 연구를 통해 업체의 경영성과 향상을 극대화 하는데 시사점을 제시하고자 한다. 연구조사는 판단 표본 추출법으로 진행하였다. 수집된 유효 표본은 판별 타당성과 수렴타당성의 내적 타당성 확보를 위해 확인적 요인분석을 이용하여 타당성을 검증하였다. 연구결과는 첫째, 외식 자영업자는 혼밥족을 대상으로 식사의 간편성을 인지할 수 있는 정보를 제공해 주어야 한다. 둘째, 혼밥족의 개인 가치관이 태도 형성으로 이어질 수 있는 다양 홍보 전략을 통해 태도 형성이 이루질 수 있도록 해야 할 것이다. 셋째, 외식 자영업자는 혼밥족이 태도 형성으로 이어질 수 있는 다양한 이벤트 전략을 추진해야 한다. 넷째, 혼밥족의 매장 방문 시 고객만을 위한 아주 특별한 서비스 제공 등 이벤트 개발이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 마지막으로 외식 자영업자는 다양한 마케팅을 통해 혼밥 행위의 편리함, 간편함, 시간의 활용 등 장점을 집중적으로 홍보함으로써 고객 증가에 노력을 해야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제66권3호
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• pp.523-542
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• 2024

Hanwoo and Jeju Black cattle (Jeju Black) are native breeds of Korean cattle. Jeju Black cattle are recognized as natural monuments and are known to exhibit slower growth rates compared to Hanwoo. While several studies have analyzed the genetic characteristics of these cattle, there has been limited research on the differences in their microbiome. In this study, rumen fluid was obtained from three Hanwoo steers and three Jeju Black steers, and three different diets (total mixed rations [TMRs] for growing, early fattening, and late fattening periods) were used as substrates for in vitro fermentation. The in vitro incubation was conducted for 3 h and 24 h following a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. After both incubation periods, fermentation characteristics were analyzed, and ruminal microbiome analysis was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, employing both QIIME2 and PICRUSt2. The results revealed significant differences in the ruminal microbiota due to the inoculum effect. At the phylum level, Patescibacteria and Synergistota were found to be enriched in the Jeju Black inoculum-treated group. Additionally, using different inocula also affected the relative abundance of major taxa, including Ruminococcus, Pseudoramibacter, Ruminococcaceae CAG-352, and the [Eubacterium] ruminantium group. These microbial differences induced by the inoculum may have originated from varying levels of domestication between the two subspecies of donor animals, which mainly influenced the fermentation and microbiome features in the early incubation stages, although this was only partially offset afterward. Furthermore, predicted commission numbers of microbial enzymes, some of which are involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, fatty acids, and alpha amylase, differed based on the inoculum effect. However, these differences may account for only a small proportion of the overall metabolic pathway. Conversely, diets were found to affect protein biosynthesis and its related metabolism, which showed differential abundance in the growing diet and were potentially linked to the growth-promoting effects in beef cattle during the growing period. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that using different inocula significantly affected in vitro fermentation characteristics and microbiome features, mainly in the early stages of incubation, with some effects persisting up to 24 h of incubation.