• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.270-274
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• 2016

Green tea, the leaves of Camellia sinsneis (Theaceae), is generally acknowledged as the most consumed beverage with multiple pharmacological functions including antioxidant activity. This study was performed to analyze the effect of extraction conditions of green tea on its antioxidant effects using DPPH assay. Three extraction factors such as extraction solvent (EtOH, 0 - 100%), extraction time (3 - 15 min) and extraction temperature ($10-70^{\circ}C$) were analyzed and optimized extraction condition for antioxidant activity of green tea extract (GTE) was determined using response surface methodology with three-level-three-factor Box-Behnken design (BBD). Regression analysis showed a good fit of data and the optimal conditions of extraction were found to be 57.7% EtOH, 15 min and $70^{\circ}C$. Under this condition, antioxidant activity of experimental data was 88.4% which was almost fit to the ideal value of 88.6%. As epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is known for the major ingredient for antioxidant activity of green tea, we investigated the effect of EGCG on antioxidant activity of GTE. EGCG showed antioxidant activity with the $IC_{50}$ value of $4.2{\mu}g/ml$ and a positive correlation was observed between EGCG content and the antioxidant activity of GTE with $R^2=0.7134$. Interestingly, however, GTE with 50 - 70% antioxidant activity contain less than $1.0{\mu}g/ml$ of EGCG, which is much lower than $IC_{50}$ value of EGCG. Therefore, we suppose that EGCG together with other constituents contribute to antioxidant activity of GTE. Taken together, these results suggest that green tea is more beneficial than EGCG alone for antioxidant ability and optimal extraction condition of green tea will be useful for the development of food and pharmaceutical applications

• 공업화학
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.565-570
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 초음파 용매추출공정을 이용하여 닥나무로부터 항산화성분을 추출하고, 중심합성계획모델을 이용하여 추출공정을 최적화하였다. 중심합성계획모델의 반응치로는 추출수율과 DPPH 라디칼소거활성을 설정하고, 독립변수인 추출시간, 주정/초순수 부피비, 초음파 조사세기에 따른 주효과도와 교호효과도를 해석하였다. 추출수율과 DPPH 라디칼소거활성 모두 계량인자의 주효과도와 교호효과도를 모두 고려하였을 때 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 인자는 주정/초순수 부피비이었다. 반응표면분석법을 이용하여 추출공정의 최적화과정을 수행한 결과 최적추출조건은 추출시간(19.92 min), 주정/초순수 부피비(54.23 vol%), 초음파 조사세기(557.65 W)로 나타났다. 이 조건으로부터 예상되는 반응치의 값은 추출수율(38.93 wt%), DPPH 라디칼소거활성(55.33%)으로 나타났다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제27권
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• pp.5.1-5.10
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of ingestion exposure of lead by particle sizes of crumb rubber in artificial turf filling material with consideration of bioavailability. Methods: This study estimated the ingestion exposure by particle sizes (more than 250 um or less than 250 um) focusing on recyclable ethylene propylene diene monomer crumb rubber being used as artificial turf filling. Analysis on crumb rubber was conducted using body ingestion exposure estimate method in which total content test method, acid extraction method and digestion extraction method are reflected. Bioavailability which is a calibrating factor was reflected in ingestion exposure estimate method and applied in exposure assessment and risk assessment. Two methods using acid extraction and digestion extraction concentration were compared and evaluated. Results: As a result of the ingestion exposure of crumb rubber material, the average lead exposure amount to the digestion extraction result among crumb rubber was calculated to be $1.56{\times}10^{-4}$ mg/kg-day for low grade elementary school students and $4.87{\times}10^{-5}$ mg/kg-day for middle and high school students in 250 um or less particle size, and that to the acid extraction result was higher than the digestion extraction result. Results of digestion extraction and acid extraction showed that the hazard quotient was estimated by about over 2 times more in particle size of lower than 250 um than in higher than 250 um. There was a case of an elementary school student in which the hazard quotient exceeded 0.1. Conclusions: Results of this study confirm that the exposure of lead ingestion and risk level increases as the particle size of crumb rubber gets smaller.

• 대한전자공학회논문지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.14-19
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• 1978

본 논문에서는 동시대각화에 의한 일군정규화 및 혼합정규화시의 좌표계의 변환에 간목하여, 두 다변수군간의 특징추출을 행하는 수법을 제안, 그에 수반하는 몇몇의 성질과 고 적용례에 대해 기술했다. 또한 본수법의 유효성을 보이기 위해 인자분석결과와 비교해, 유의한 결과를 얻었다.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.50-56
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• 2018

추출제로 Cyanex 572를 사용하여 혼합 용액에서 [Pr, Nd, Sm]그룹과 [La]을 분리하기 위하여 Xu Guangxian이 제시한 이론에 의하여 향류추출 공정의 최적 추출 공정 변수를 계산하고자 하였다. 기초실험으로부터 두 그룹의 최적 분리계수는 추출 공정의 경우 16.80, 세정공정에서는 21.48 이었고, 1.0 M Cyanex 572에 의한 희토류 성분의 추출용량은 0.12 M 이었다. 공정 개발에 필요한 추출 단수, 세정 단수, 유량비 등에 대하여 최적 추출비 이론에 의해 계산하였다. 계산 결과 두 그룹의 희토류 분리에 필요한 단수는 추출 7단 및 세정 4단이며, 원료용액, 추출용액 및 세정용액의 유량비는 25 : 5.67 : 12.27 이었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.781-785
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• 2005

A fast and reliable method for the selective separation and preconcentration of $Cu^{2+}$ ions using homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction was developed. A new $\alpha$-dioxime derivative (2H-1,4-benzothioazine-2,3(4H)dionedioxime, Dioxime I) was synthesized and investigated as a suitable selective complexing ligand for $Cu^{2+}$ ions. Zonyl FSA (FSA) was applied as a phase-separator agent under the slightly acidic pH conditions. Under the optimal experimental conditions ([FSA] = 3.2% w/v, [THF] = 19.5% v/v, [Dioxime I] = 1.9 ${\times}\;10^{-3}$ M, and pH = 4.7), 10 ${\mu}g\;of\;Cu^{2+}$ in 5.2 mL aqueous phase could be extracted quantitatively into 80 $\mu$L of the sedimented phase. The maximum concentration factor was 65-fold. The limit of detection of the proposed method was 0.005 ng $mL^{-1}$. The reproducibility of the proposed method, on the 10 replicate measurements, was 1.3%. The influence of the pH, type and volume of the water-miscible organic solvent, concentration of FSA, concentration of the complexing ligand and the effect of different diverse ions on the extraction and determination of $Cu^{2+}$ ions were investigated. The proposed method was applied to the extraction and determination of $Cu^{2+}$ ion in different synthetic and natural water samples.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.364-375
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• 2020

In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction was performed to extract ascorbic acid from rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa Thunb.) fruit. The optimal conditions were investigated by response surface methodology, using two variable including reaction time (16-44 min) and temperature (16-44℃). The ascorbic acid extraction was sensitive to the reaction time rather than the reaction temperature, and the optimal conditions for ascorbic acid extraction were 25℃ and 30 min. Ascorbic acid and gallic acid in the rugosa rose fruit extract were completely separated by HPLC, with a resolution factor of over 1.5 between the two. The correlation coefficient of the ascorbic acid was 0.999 in a linearity test for 50-150 ㎍/mL concentration of extract. The limit of detection and limit of quantification values were 0.16 ㎍/mL and 29.89 ㎍/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSD) for repeatability and reproducibility were determined, and each RSD showed good precision at less than 5% (N=6).

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.498-505
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• 1999

Trivalent actinide-lanthanide group separation is difficult to perform on an industrial scale, because of the many drawbacks of the available chemical process. In this paper, picolinamide(C$_{8}$H$_{17}$) is synthesized and characterized, and extraction yields of Am-241, Eu-152 and Nd are determined in batch extraction experiments. In particular, the influence of the solvent is described. The extraction yields of Am-241, Eu-152 and Nd depended on the LiNO$_3$ concentration, the picolinamide(C$_{8}$H$_{17}$) concentration and the acidity. A favorable picolinamide(C$_{8}$H$_{17}$) concentration was found to be about 2M. The appropriate nitric acid concentration and LiNO$_3$ concentration were confirmed to be about 0.125M and 3M, respectively. The separation factor of Am and Eu was about 9.9 at optimum conditions. The picolinamide(C$_{8}$H$_{17}$) is a very promising extractant for the actinide(III)-lanthanides(III) separation.aration.aration.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.219-229
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• 2005

The analytical methods for dioxins in water sample from wastewater to tap water were reviewed. For extraction method, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) has been widely used, however, this process needs too much time and man power. New approach including solid phase extraction (SPE) is now applicable to large volume of water sample with high extraction efficiency. Column clean up in classical analytical methods were very complex and time consuming procedures during decade. Modifications were tried to decrease solvent and reagents volume. Moreover, use of column connection method has been demonstrated in the environmental matrices. Instrumental configurations also have been improved, in which GC/MS/MS with large volume injection approach can analyze picogram levels. Absolute sensitivities of HRMS increased compared to old versions of double focusing sector type mass spectrometers. Based on these analytical evolutions during last 10 years, we tried to optimize the analytical method for dioxins in water sample from sample extraction to instrumental analysis.

• 공업화학
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.427-433
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• 2005

마이크로파를 이용한 인삼으로부터 가용성 성분을 추출할 때의 용매(에탄올-물) 사용량, 고체 입자크기, 마이크로파 전력의 영향과 용매-인삼 혼합물의 마이크로파 가열 특성 및 팽윤도에 대하여 검토하였다. 용매와 인삼의 비는 6 : 1(vol. of solvent to mass of ginseng)이 적당하였고 인삼 입자는 작을수록 추출률이 높았으나 슬러리를 여과하여 여분의 용매를 분리하기가 매우 곤란하였다. 마이크로파 전력은 세기가 클수록 추출 속도는 빨라지나 추출률은 투입되는 전체 에너지양에 영향 받는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 마이크로파와 물중탕으로 가열한 인삼의 수분 흡수량으로부터 구한 질량기준 팽윤도는 마이크로파로 가열하였을 때 더 빠르게 일어났으며 이러한 결과가 마이크로파를 이용한 추출이 종래의 추출방법에 비하여 추출률이 높고 속도가 빨라지게 되는 요인일 것으로 판단되었다.