• 한국방송∙미디어공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방송∙미디어공학회 2021년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.212-214
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• 2021

In a society with Covid-19 as part of our daily lives, we had to adapt ourselves to a new reality to maintain our lifestyles as normal as possible. An example of this is teleworking and online classes. However, several issues appeared on the go as we started the new way of living. One of them is the doubt of knowing if real people are in front of the camera or if someone is paying attention during a lecture. Therefore, we encountered this issue by creating a 3D reconstruction tool to identify human faces and expressions actively. We use a web camera, a lightweight 3D face model, and use the 2D facial landmark to fit expression coefficients to drive the 3D model. With this Model, it is possible to represent our faces with an Avatar and fully control its bones with rotation and translation parameters. Therefore, in order to reconstruct facial expressions during online meetings, we proposed the above methods as our solution to solve the main issue.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.102-119
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• 2021

Objectives: Facial diagnosis is an important part of clinical diagnosis in traditional East Asian Medicine. In this paper, using a fully automated facial shape analysis system, we show that facial morphological features are associated with cold pattern. Methods: The facial morphological features calculated from 68 facial landmarks included the angles, areas, and distances between the landmark points of each part of the face. Cold pattern severity was determined using a questionnaire and the cold pattern scores (CPS) were used for analysis. The association between facial features and CPS was calculated using Pearson's correlation coefficient and partial correlation coefficients. Results: The upper chin width and the lower chin width were negatively associated with CPS. The distance from the center point to the middle jaw and the distance from the center point to the lower jaw were negatively associated with CPS. The angle of the face outline near the ear and the angle of the chin line were positively associated with CPS. The area of the upper part of the face and the area of the face except the sensory organs were negatively associated with CPS. The number of facial morphological features that exhibited a statistically significant correlation with CPS was 37 (unadjusted). Conclusions: In this study of a Korean population, subjects with a high CPS had a more pointed chin, longer face, more angular jaw, higher eyes, and more upward corners of the mouth, and their facial sensory organs were relatively widespread.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.135-148
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• 1987

To investigate the relationship between craniofacial growth and bone maturity of the hand wrist in normal occlusion, the author took cephalogram and handwrist radiogram of 391 students (male 192, female 199) and assessed the measurements of cephalogram according to skeletal maturity stages of the hand and wrist. In this study, four skeketal stages and 36 linear, angular measurements of the cephalometrics were selected. In hand-wrist X-ray the bones used to determine skeletal maturity were the middle phalanges of the third finger, and distal epiphysis of the radius. In cephalogram, the landmark used to measure the angle and length were N, S, Po., Ar., Go., Me., Gn., Pog., Point B, Point A, ANS, PNS, Or., U1, L1, U6, L6 etc.. The results were as follows, 1. The table of mean, standard deviation, p-value from measurements were made in each group and both sex. 2. The increased measurements according to skeletal maturity were anterior cranial bese length, posterior cranial base length, ramus height, anterior facial height, posterior facial height, L1 to mandibular plane (mm), facial plane angle. In contrast to, decreased measurements were genial angle, facial cnvexity and facial plane angle. 3. Denture pattern measurements (IMPA, FMIA, occlusal plane to Go-Gn, interincisal angle, U1 to SN plane, U1 to SN plane, U1 to facial plane, L1 to facial plane etc.) .had nothing to do with skeletal maturity. 4. Skeletal maturity had close relationship with craniofacial growth, but had little to do with tooth development.

• 정보처리학회논문지:소프트웨어 및 데이터공학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2016

본 논문에서는 ASM(Active Shape Model) 특징점(Landmark)을 이용하여 정밀한 얼굴영역을 획득하고, 외형기반 접근법으로 표정을 인식하는 방법에 대하여 제안한다. 외형기반 표정인식은 EHMM(Embedded Hidden Markov Model) 및 이진패턴 히스토그램 특징과 SVM(Support Vector Machine)을 사용하는 알고리즘으로 구성되며, 제안 방법의 성능평가는 공인 CK 데이터베이스와 JAFFE 데이터베이스를 이용하여 수행되었다. 더불어, 성능비교는 기존의 눈 거리 기반의 얼굴 정규화 방법과 비교를 통하여 수행되었고, 또한 ASM 전체 특징점 및 변형된 특징을 SVM으로 인식하는 기하학적 표정인식 방법론과 성능비교를 수행하였다. 실험 결과, 제안 방법은 거리기반 얼굴정규화 영상을 사용한 방법보다 CK 데이터베이스 및 JAFFE 데이터베이스 경우, 최대 6.39%와 7.98%의 성능향상을 보였다. 또한, 제안 방법은 기하학적 특징점을 사용한 방법보다 높은 인식 성능을 보였으며, 이로부터 제안하는 표정인식 방법의 효용성을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2018

There are a lot of problems in the face detection area. One of them is detecting faces by facial features and reducing number of the false negatives and positions. This paper is directed to solve this problem by the proposed triangle method. Also, this paper explans cascades, Haar-like features, AdaBoost, HOG. We propose a scheme using 12-net, 24-net, 48-net to scan images and improve efficiency. Using triangle method for frontal pose, B and B1 methods for other poses in neural networks are proposed.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2011

Purpose : The aim of the present study was to investigate the disagreement of cephalometric analysis depending on the reference determination of midsagittal plane on three-dimensional computed tomography. Materials and Methods : A total of 102 young women with class III dentofacial deformity were evaluated using three-dimensional computed tomography. The cranial and facial midsagittal planes were defined and the amounts of jaw deviation were calculated. The amounts of jaw deviation were compared with paired t-test (2-tailed) and Bland-Altman plot was drawn. Results : The landmark tracing were reproducible ($r{\ge}.978$). The jaws relative to the cranial midsagittal plane were 10-17 times more significantly deviated than to the facial midsagittal plane (P<.001). Bland-Altman plot demonstrated that the differences between the amounts of jaw deviation from two midsagittal planes were not normally distributed versus the average of the amounts of jaw deviation from two midsagittal planes. Conclusion : The cephalometric analyses of facial asymmetry were significantly inconsistent depending on the reference determination of midsagittal plane. The reference for midsagittal plane should be carefully determined in three-dimensional cephalometric analysis of facial asymmetry of patients with class III dentofacial deformity.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2021년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.425-426
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• 2021

최근 청소년들의 무면허 운전으로 인한 인재 사고가 빈번하게 발생하고 있다. 무면허 주행은 일부 청소년들의 호기심과 도전의 온상이 되고 있으며 이를 방지하기 위해 가정에서 스마트키를 관리하는 것에도 한계가 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 안면인식 알고리즘을 이용하여 운전석에 앉은 운전자의 얼굴을 사전에 저장된 정보와 비교하고 등록된 운전자임을 판단하여 시동을 제어하는 시스템을 설계하였다. 등록된 운전자 인증이 성공 시 매칭 정확도와 Unlock 메시지를 라즈베리파이에 연결된 LCD에 출력하며 미등록자인 경우, Lock 메시지를 출력한다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.38-43
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• 2012

Introduction: The location of parotid gland tumors in the superficial or deep lobes can affect the time and difficulty of operations. Therefore, accurate preoperative evaluation of the tumor location is important for surgical outcomes. Materials and Methods: A total of 16 patients with parotid gland tumors and who underwent a parotidectomy between April 2003 and March 2011 were retrospectively reviewed in terms of demographic background, tumor location, surgical treatment, and treatment outcomes. Tumor location was estimated by four landmarks on contrast enhanced computerized tomography scans, which were Conn's arc, the facial nerve (FN) line, the Utrecht line, and the retromandibular vein. Tumor location was confirmed by relative position depending on the facial nerve during surgery. It was assumed positive since the tumor lies in the superficial lobe of the parotid gland, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and efficiency of each landmark were evaluated. Results: Our result revealed that the facial nerve line had a sensitivity of 83.3%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, negative predictive value of 71.4%, and efficiency of 87.5%. Some would be more efficient preoperative evaluation methods of the relationship of parotid gland tumors to the facial nerve than others. Conclusion: In our study, the FN line was found to be the most reliable analysis method.

• 정보처리학회논문지:소프트웨어 및 데이터공학
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.99-108
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• 2021

차량 내부에는 조명 변화, 부분적인 가림 및 운전자의 상태 변화와 같은 제한되지 않은 조건들이 존재한다. 본 논문에서는 비 제약적인 차량 환경에서의 운전자 얼굴 인증 시스템을 제안한다. 제안한 방법은 차량 내부 및 외부의 조명 변화에 따라 발생하는 얼굴 이미지의 변화를 최소화하기 위해서 근적외선(NIR) 카메라를 사용한다. 특히 정면에서의 강한 빛에 노출된 얼굴 이미지를 처리하기 위해서, 학습 이미지의 평균과 분산을 사용하여 정상적인 얼굴 이미지로부터 빛에 과다하게 노출된 이미지로 변환하여 사용한다. 따라서 정상적인 조명에서의 얼굴 분류기와 강한 정면광에서의 얼굴 분류기를 각각 동시에 만들어진다. 제안하는 얼굴 분류기는 얼굴 랜드마크를 추출하고 각 랜드마크의 신뢰도 점수를 합산하여 얼굴을 최종적으로 식별한다. 특히 각 랜드마크를 인식하여 부분적인 얼굴 가림에 강하기 때문에 안경이나 선글라스를 착용하는 상황에서도 높은 성능 향상이 가능하다. 즉 가려지지 않은 남은 랜드마크의 점수를 사용하여 운전자를 인식할 수 있다. 또한 등록 운전자와 미등록 운전자 간의 관계를 고려한 새로운 인식 거부 방법과 새로운 평가 방법을 논문에서 제안한다. 자체 취득한 데이터 셋, 공인된 PolyU 및 ORL 데이터 셋으로 실험한 결과 제안한 방법이 효과적임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.43-54
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to obtain the guides of establishing vertical dimension by analyzing the facial and oral landmarks of Korean adults. The following conclusions were obtained from this study. 1. The ratio of bizygomatic width to dental arch width was 3.26 : 1 in male and 3.21 : 1 in female, and the ratio of vertical dimension to dental arch length was 2.49 : 1 in male and 2.39 : 1 in female. 2. It was obtained by analysis of multiple regression that the corelative formula, vertical dimension$=23.37+0.24{\times}bizygomatic$ $width+0.29{\times}dental$ arch length. 3. There was no statistically significant difference between the results of vertical dimension acquired by means of Hayakawa's prediction($68.04{\pm}3.16mm$ in male, $64.38{\pm}3.00mm$ in female) and that of vertical dimension by this study.