• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.385-389
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• 1995

MeOH extract of Gastrodia elata was fractionated to five solvent fractions, hexane fr (fr I), 90% MeOH fr (fr II), EtOAc fr (fr III), BuOH fr (fr IV) and $H_2O$ fr (fr V). Among the five fractions, fr II, III and IV showed platelet anti-aggregating effects against ADP or collagen induced rat platelet aggregation in vitro. Fr II , III and IV were also tested in vivo, in the mouse and rat models of thrombosis. Oral administration of fr II, III or IV enhanced the recovery from the thrombotic shock in the mouse model of thrombosis to 32-40% from 17% of recovery with the control group of mice. Treatment with fr II, III or IV also attenuated the sudden reduction in the blood platelet count following intravenous collagen injection to rat. The above results were indicative of the presence of anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic components in this plant.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.1029-1033
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• 1999

Seven fractions were separated by silica gel chromatography from the diethyl ether souble portion of the methanolic extract of the cultured hoelen(Poria cocos Wolf). Three fractions were separated from the Fr.II and Fr.IV by rechromatography, respectively. The most active fraction, Fr.II 3 and Fr.IV 3, were separated to 2 and 4 fractions by preparative HPLC. On the result of antimicrobial test, triterpenoids fractions showed weaker effect than benzoic acid but Fr.II 3 1, Fr.II 3 2 had an excellent antimi crobial activity. Triterpenoids fraction of hoelen(Poria cocos Wolf) showed a high inhibition activity on the growth of lung cancer, ovary cancer, skin cancer, central nerve cancer and rectum cancer cell, especially the activity of Fr.II 3 1 and Fr.II 3 2 was the highest.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.694-699
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to observe the effect of bovine colostral whey fractions on proliferation of Th1 cells and to verify the effect of whey fractions that are directly related to growth of Th1 cells on macrophages activation. Whey was fractionated into 3 fractions depending on by ultrafiltration (fraction (Fr.) I; molecular weight (Mw.) 10 kDa and more, Fr. II; Mw. $1\;kDa{\sim}10\;kDa$, Fr. III; Mw. less than 1 kDa) and examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fr. II stimulated and proliferated Th1 cells most at 1 mg/mL concentration and the percentage of cell proliferation was 67.1%. The secretive induction of tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ $(TNF-{\alpha})$ by whey, Fr. II, protein fraction (Fr. P) and oligosaccharide fraction (Fr. O) after fractionating Fr. II into Fr. P and Fr. O on the basis of Th1 cells growth was that Fr. O had more 80% secretive induction of $TNF-{\alpha}$ than that of $1\;{\mu}g/mL$ lipopolysaccharide that was positive control. So confirmed that Fr. O induced $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion by activating macrophages.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.108-113
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• 2009

The functional regulator(FR) appliances act to remove the restrictive forces that prevent the normal maturation of the maxilla and mandible. FR appliances are different from other functional jaw orthopedic appliances(e.g., the twin block, bionator, and activator). $Fr{\ddot{a}}nkel$ has based his treatment philosophy on the concept that the capacity to regulate growth residues in the soft tissue environment, and that adequate space must be available for the proper development of the hard tissue. In class II malocclusion with mandibular retrusion, FR-II treatment is not only the change in the postural position of mandible, but also expansion of the dental arches. By balancing the neuromuscular environment, not only can severe malocclusions be treated successfully, but also the tendency toward relapse is minimized because the neural and soft tissue factors associated with the skeletal malocclusion have been addressed as well. We report cases using by FR-II that is applicated in cases of Class II malocclusion without fixed appliance, only FR-II and space supervision.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1431-1438
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• 2008

Immunomodulating activities of water-soluble exopolysaccharides (LL-EX) obtained from submerged mycelial culture of Lentinus lepideus were studied and their effectiveness was compared with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The influence of the LL-EX on macrophage cellular lysosomal enzyme activity was to stimulate up to 267%, 392%, and 464% at the level of 10, 50, and $100{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. When the LL-EX was further fractionated into LL-Fr.I and Fr.II by Sepharose CL-6B gel chromatography, the cellular lysosomal enzyme activity of LL-Fr.II (2.1-fold) was higher than Fr.I (1.2-fold). Moreover, both LL-Fr.I and Fr.II stimulated the cytokines IL-1$\beta$, TNF-$\alpha$, and IL-6 in macrophages. In mixed lymphocyte reaction, LL-Fr.I and Fr.II enhanced the splenocyte proliferation up to 1.2-fold and 1.4-fold ($50{\mu}g/ml$), respectively, stimulating only T lymphocytes. The fractions of LL-EX not show any direct toxicity against human gastric adenocarcinoma cell (AGS). The molecular masses of LL-Fr.I and Fr.II were estimated to be about 1,986 kDa and 21 kDa, respectively. The total sugar and protein contents of the two fractions were 84.97% and 69.88%, and 15.03% and 30.12%, respectively. The sugar and amino acid compositions of the LL-Fr.I and Fr.II were also analyzed in detail.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.21-38
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• 2000

$Fr{\ddot{a}}nkel$ functional regulator have a complicated design and are of a big bulk. This makes not only the construction of appliance but also the adaption of a patient to the appliance very difficult. Therefore, orthodontic laboratory technicians should be well acquainted with the sequential fabrication procedures involved in the construction of Frankel functional regulators and construct a type most suitable for a specific patient of malocclusion. There are various types of Frankel appliances. Detailed construction procedures of FR II are described here below, which can also be applied for other types for FR appliances.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.560-567
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• 2005

Three groups of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) (designated as Fr-I, Fr-II, and Fr-III) were isolated from the culture filtrates of Paecilomyces sinclairii by gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose CL-4B. Their molecular characteristics were examined by multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS) connected online to a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and refractive index (RI) detector system. The weight-average molar mass of Fr-I, Fr-II, and Fr-III of EPSs were determined to be $1.540{\times}10^6,\;6.302{\times}10^4$, and $9.389{\times}10^4\;g/mol$, respectively. All three EPSs showed a fairly low polydispersity indice, ranging from 1.008 to 1.059 (nearly mono disperse behavior), and showed different carbohydrates and amino acids compositions; all fractions of EPSs consisted of mainly cystine, valine, and arginine in the protein moiety, and mainly ribose, galactose, and glucose in the carbohydrate moiety. The determination of gyration radii of the EPSs in SEC/MALLS analysis revealed the molecular shape of the Fr-I to be a rod-like structure, whereas the Fr-II and Fr-III had a random-coil structure in an aqueous solution.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.951-959
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• 2009

Most, if not all, Basidiomycetes mushrooms have biologically active polysaccharides showing potent antitumor activity with immunomodulating properties. These polysaccharides have various chemical compositions and belong primarily to the $\beta$-glucan group. In this study, the crude water-soluble polysaccharide HEF-P, which was obtained from the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus by hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation, was fractionated by DEAE-cellulose and Sepharose CL-6B column chromatographies. This process resulted in four polysaccharide fractions, named HEF-NP Fr I, HEF-NP Fr II, HEF-AP Fr I, and HEF-AP Fr II. Of these fractions, HEF-AP Fr II was able to upregulate the functional events mediated by activated macrophages, such as production of nitric oxide and expression ofcytokines (IL-1${\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$). The molecular mass of HEF-AP Fr II was estimated by gel filtration to be 13 kDa. Its structural characteristics were investigated by a combination of chemical and instrumental analyses, including methylation, reductive cleavage, acetylation, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results indicate that HEF-AP Fr II is a low-molecular-mass polysaccharide with a laminarin-like triple helix conformation of a ${\beta}$-1,3-branched-${\beta}$-1,6-glucan.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1053-1060
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• 2010

Cordyceps militaris, an entomopathogenic fungus belonging to the class Ascomycetes, has been reported to have beneficial biological activities such as hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antimetastatic, hypolipidemic, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant effects. In this study, the crude water-soluble polysaccharide CMP, which was obtained from the fruiting body of C. militaris by hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation, was fractionated by DEAE-cellulose and Sepharose CL-6B column chromatographies. This process resulted in three polysaccharide fractions, termed CMP Fr I, CMP Fr II, and CMP Fr III. Of these fractions, CMP Fr II, with an average molecular mass of 127 kDa, was able to upregulate effectively the phenotypic functions of macrophages such as NO production and cytokine expression. The chemical property of the stimulatory polysaccharide, CMP Fr II, was determined based on its monosaccharide composition, which consisted of glucose (56.4%), galactose (26.4%), and mannose (17.2%). Its structural characteristics were investigated by a combination of chemical and instrumental analyses, including methylation, reductive cleavage, acetylation, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). Results indicated that CMP Fr II consisted of the (1${\rightarrow}$4) or (1${\rightarrow}$2) linked glucopyranosyl or galactopyranosyl residue with a (1${\rightarrow}$2) or (1${\rightarrow}$6) linked mannopyranosyl, glucopyranosyl, or galactopyranosyl residue as a side chain. The configuration of the ${\beta}$-linkage and random coil conformation of CMP Fr II were confirmed using a Fungi-Fluor kit and Congo red reagent, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.513-523
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• 1993

Varietal difference in structural and physical characteristics of rice starch and interrelationships between these starch properties and the physicochemical components of rice grains were investigated for twenty four rice varieties, which were considerably different in amylose content, gelatinization temperature and gel consistency, to obtain the basic informations for diversifying the utility of rice grains and for developing various rice cultivars adaptable to rice food processing. Wave length of maximum absorbance for blue color reaction of starch-I$_2$ complex was 520nm for glutinous rice and 560～600nm for nonglutinous rice. The higher amylose rice showed the longer wave length but there was considerable difference of the wave length among rice materials with similar amylose content. Varietal difference in frequency distribution of debranched starch molecules by isoamylase hydrolysis was largest in amylose fraction, the longest fraction(Fr. I), and was next bigger in intermediate fraction(Int.Fr.) and the ratio between short and long glucose chain of amylopectin fraction(Fr. III /Fr. II). The Fr. III / Fr II ratio was higher in glutinous rice than in nonglutinous one but it was considerably different among nonglutinous rice varieties without any connection with amylose content. The lower alkali digestible rice showed the longer half-hydrolysis time in acid solution. Both soft and hard gel rice varieties in gel consistency test revealed significant varietal difference of 50% acid hydrolysis time. The harder rice in gel consistency exhibited the less frequency of short branch fraction of amylopectin (Fr. III) and the higher amylose content. Twenty four rice varieties were cleary classified by upper two principal components contracted from structural or physical traits of rice starch and some physicochemical properties of rice grain by principal component analysis. The 1st and 2nd principal components can be characterized to components related with amylose and amylopectin structure respectively.