• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.84-94
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to compare the balance ability at different foot positions using K A T 2000 (Berg, Inc, vista, CA.1994). Thirty (male 15, female 15) normal subjects participated in this study. All subjects were tested at a one leg position or a two leg position that were toe-in $25^{\circ}$, toe-out $25^{\circ}$, and $45^{\circ}$. The starting position was where the subject crossed their arms across the chest and flexed knees slightily. The results of each test were displayed on a screen in a score format, which indicated balance index. These collected data were analyzed by using one way ANOVA, and t-test. The results of this study were as follows: When changing the angle of the foot in the one-foot and two-foot standing positions, there was no statistically significant difference, but the balance performance with the foot rotated by $25^{\circ}$ was better than that with the foot rotated by $45^{\circ}$. When changing the direction of the foot in the one-foot and two-foot standing positions, there was no statistically significant difference, but the balance performance with the foot rotated laterally was better - except for the case when the foot was medially rotated by $25^{\circ}$ in the right-foot static standing position. When the feet were medially rotated by $25^{\circ}$ in the two-foot static standing position, and were medially rotated by $25^{\circ}$ and $45^{\circ}$ in the one-foot static standing position, the balance performance of females was better than that of males. In this study, it was found that the balance performance of the subjects changed when the position of the foot was shifted on an unstable base of support. However, there was little correlation between balance performance and the height, weight and foot length of the subjects. It is necessary to conduct a follow-up study targeting various age groups and those with various diseases using an unstable platform or applying different physical or visual conditions, such as the length of the legs. Physical therapists need to consider the position of the foot in clinical settings for a better balance training or assessment.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 2001

This study was designed to identify the effects of foot position on electromyographic (EMG) activity of the quadriceps femoris during maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) in standing. Twenty young adults who had not experienced any knee injuries were recruited. Their Q-angles were within a normal range. They were asked to stand in five different foot positions ($40^{\circ}$ externally rotated, $30^{\circ}$ internally rotated, neutral, $20^{\circ}$ plantarflexed, and $10^{\circ}$ dorsiflexed foot position). The EMG activities of the vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), and vastus medialis oblique (VMO) were recorded in standing by surface electrodes and normalized by MVC EMG values derived from manual muscle test. The normalized EMG activity levels (%MVC EMG) of muscles in the five foot positions were compared using repeated measures ANOVA. The EMG activity levels of the VL, RF, and VMO were the highest when foot was externally rotated. The EMG activity levels of the VL and RF were significantly different among the foot positions (p<.05). However, EMG activity levels of the VL, RF, VMO, and VMO/VL ratio did not show significant differences in each foot position (p> .05). The results suggest that the quadriceps femoris may be effectively activated by performing MVC at an externally rotated foot position. Therefore, the externally rotated foot position can be considered as an effective foot position for quadriceps femoris strengthening exercise. Further studies are needed to identify whether there are differences in the effects of foot position on muscle strength after MVC exercise of quadriceps femoris in standing.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.207-219
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the foot rotation on the lower limb muscles. Fourteen subjects performed step-up/step-down at a cadence of 80 beats/min, exercises with the foot neutral, $35^{\circ}$ internally rotated, and $35^{\circ}$ externally rotated, respectively. For each variable, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether there were significant differences between genders and among the eight types of jump. When a significant difference was found in jump type, post hoc analyses were performed using the Tukey procedure. A confidence level of p < .05 was used to determine statistical significance. The results showed that significant changes in averaged IEMG values occurred with the internal rotation of the foot in the lateral gastrocnemius during the knee extension, and in the semitendinosus during the knee flexion. During the knee extension, however, the internal rotation of the foot produced a significantly lower Averaged IEMG values than the neutral foot position in the medial gastrocnemius. The results also found that the peak IEMG activity of the rectus femoris during the knee extension for the external rotation of the foot was Significantly higher than the corresponding values in the neutral position of the foot, while the intenal rotaion of the foot exhibited a significant difference with the neutral position of the foot in the semitendinosus during the knee flexion. In general, the foot rotation position did not influence the average IEMG and Peak IEMG values of most muscles. The practice of adopting foot rotation to selectively strengthen individual muscles of the lower limb was not supported by this study. The external rotation of the foot produced high muscle activities in the quadriceps during the knee extension. For the knee extension, therefore, maintaining a laterally rotated position should be need for stable and comfortable position.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.17 no.3_4
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• pp.29-39
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of foot position and lifting an object on muscle activity and foot pressure during sit to stand(STS) in hemiparetic patients. Methods: Fourteen patients participated in this study. Surface electromyography was used to collect muscle activity and foot pressure measurement system was used to analyze foot pressure in hemiparetic side. Three different foot position was assumed(anterior, neutral, posterior) in hemiparetic side. The repeated two-way analysis of variance and multiple comparisons were conducted to determine statistical significance with a significance level of 0.05. Results: The results were as follows. 1) Lower extremity muscle activity was significantly higher(p<0.05) in biceps femoris and tibialis anterior muscle during STS without holding an object. With changing positions of the affected foot, muscle activity was significantly increased (p<0.05) in vastus medialis and lateral gastrocnemius when the foot was positioned in posterior. 2) There was no significant difference(p>0.05) in foot pressure during STS with object holding and foot positioning. Conclusion: Muscle activity showed a significant increase when the foot was positioned in posterior in comparison to the muscle activity when the foot was in neutral or anterior position.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.73-85
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the standing balance could be influenced by the different foot positions. Seventeen patients with hemiplegia were tested for the static and dynamic balance under the different foot positions. In the balance test, subject stood by bearing weight on one foot, and the other foot was positioned in three different positions (symmetric, $45^{\circ}$ anterolateral, and anterior position). This study used the Kinesthetic ability trainer (KAT2000) to measure the standing balance. The results were as follows: 1) There were significant differences in the static standing balance in different foot positions with both weight-bearing on the paretic limb and on the nonparetic limb (p<.05). 2) There were also significant differences in the dynamic standing balance in different foot positions with both weight-bearing on the paretic limb and on the nonparetic limb (p<.05). 3) There was a significant difference when the paretic weight-bearing and the nonparetic weight-bearing were compared (p<.01). 4) when the paretic weight-bearing and the nonparetic weight-bearing were compared, anterior foot position showed a significant difference in the dynamic standing balance (p<.05), but $45^{\circ}$ anterolateral foot position did not show a significant difference (p>.05). In this study, the standing balance showed a significant difference according to different foot positions in hemiparetic patients, and standing balance was better when they stood by bearing weight on the nonparetic limb. These results indicate that it is a necessary to consider both weight-bearing limb and foot position not only in the rehabilitation program but also in achieving the stability in the independent life.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to determine suitable angle of Tibia-foot and the X-ray tube for scaphoid in foot X-ray examination. A total of twenty patients(mean age $32.12{\pm}years)$ are participated in this study. In the positions of Foot AP, internal and external oblique, tibia-foot angle was defined as $90^{\circ}$ and $135^{\circ}$, and x-ray tube angle was defined as $0^{\circ}$, $5^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$, $15^{\circ}$ and $20^{\circ}$ respectively. The image quality was evaluated with blind test yielding scores ranging from 0 to 5 by the evaluation team consisted of 2 radiogical technologists, 2 radiologists, and 2 orthopedic surgeons. In case of Foot AP position, the degree of overlap between cuneiform and navicular was 3% and the blind test result was 4.89 at tibia-foot angle of $90^{\circ}$ and $15^{\circ}$ X-ray tube angle. When the tibia-foot angle is $135^{\circ}$, the degree of overlap was 5%, also the blind test result was 4.30 at $15^{\circ}$ X-ray tube angle. The degree of overlap and blind test result were 30% and 3.75 respectively at $0^{\circ}$ X-ray tube angle. In case of internal oblique position, at tibia-foot angle of $90^{\circ}$ and $0^{\circ}$ X-ray tube angle, the degree of overlap was 4% and the blind test result was 4.70. The 5% overlapping and highest score as 4.55 were obtained on tibia-foot angle of $135^{\circ}$ and $0^{\circ}$ X-ray tube angle. In case of external oblique position, at tibia-foot angle of $90^{\circ}$ and $15^{\circ}$ X-ray tube angle, the degree of overlap was 4% and the blind test score was 4.85. The 5% overlapping and highest score as 4.75 were obtained on tibia-foot angle of $135^{\circ}$ and $15^{\circ}$ X-ray tube angle. In conclusion, we confirmed suitable angle of tibia-foot and X-ray tube for scaph46oid in foot X-ray examination in this study. These findings will be helpful for us to reading for navicular fracture.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.426-433
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate the muscle activity of the lower extremity during driver swing in three-foot positions (Feet Open Stance, Feet Straight Stance, Lead Foot Open Stance). The electromyograms of gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and vastus lateralis during swing were measured and analyzed in three sections (take away - back swing, back swing - down swing, and down swing - follow swing). There was no significant difference in muscle activity according to foot position. Muscle activity according to phase was significantly higher in right gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior, and the left and right vastus lateralis in down swing - follow swing. In conclusion, the difference in muscle activity according to foot position is insignificant, and it is considered that the muscle activity to maintain the balance of the body increases toward the end of swing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.69-74
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• 2018

PURPOSE: Stroke patients may develop an over-pronated foot, resulting in a lower medial longitudinal arch. This can lead to a structural change of the foot due to deformation of the musculoskeletal system. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of modified low-dye taping on stroke patients with an excessively pronated foot. The effect of the taping on the foot after light daily activity was also examined. METHODS: The subjects consisted of 21 stroke patients with an excessively pronated foot, as measured by the navicular drop test. First, their navicular heights were measured at a relaxed standing position (measure 1) and while standing in the subtalar neutral position (measure 2). Modified low-dye taping was applied to each subject's affected foot and the navicular height was then measured for the standing posture (measure 3). Finally, each subject walked around for 10 minutes and the navicular height was measured again (measure 4). RESULTS: Statistical analyses showed that the navicular height value at the relaxed standing position (measure 1) was significantly lower than for the other 3 measurements. That is, the modified low-dye taping was effective in maintaining a subtalar neutral position, even after a 10-minute walk, for stroke patients with an excessively pronated foot. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that modified low-dye taping applied to stroke patients with an excessively pronated foot could be an effective way to place the subtalar joint in a neutral position, and that its effect can be sustained for light daily activities.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2024

Background: Individuals with pes planus tend to overuse the extrinsic foot muscles, such as the tibialis anterior (TA) and peroneus longus (PL), to compensate for the weakened intrinsic foot muscles, such as the abductor hallucis (AbdH). Furthermore, differences in weight-bearing can affect the activity of muscles in both the intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles. To date, no study has compared the effects of the short foot exercise (SFE) and toe spread-out exercise (TSO) on intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscle activity and the corresponding ratios in different weight-bearing positions. Objects: To compare the effects of the SFE and TSO on AbdH, TA, and PL activity and the AbdH/TA and AbdH/PL activity ratios in the sitting and standing positions in individuals with pes planus. Methods: Twenty participants with pes planus were recruited. Surface electromyography was used to assess the amplitudes of AbdH, TA, and PL activity. Participants performed both exercises while adopting both the sitting and standing positions. Results: No significant interaction between exercise and position was found regarding the activity of any muscle or ratio of the activity, except for PL activity. We observed a significant increase in AbdH activity during the TSO compared to the SFE, and no significant difference in TA and PL activity between the two exercises. AbdH, TA, and PL activity were significantly higher in the standing position than in the sitting position. Furthermore, the AbdH/PL activity ratio significantly increased in the sitting position, although there was a significant increase in AbdH activity in the standing position. Conclusion: In individuals with pes planus, we recommend performing the TSO in the sitting position, which may increase the activity of the AbdH while concurrently decreasing the activity of the TA and PL, thus strengthening the AbdH.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2022

In this paper, a dual foot (DF)-PDR system is proposed for the fusion of integration (IA)-based PDR systems independently applied on both shoes. The horizontal positions of the two shoes estimated from each PDR system are fused based on a particle filter. The proposed method bounds the position error even if the walking time increases without an additional sensor. The distribution of particles is a non-Gaussian distribution to express the lateral error due to systematic drift. Assuming that the shoe position is the pedestrian position, the multi-modal position distribution can be fused into one using the Gaussian sum. The fused pedestrian position is used as a measurement of each particle filter so that the position error is corrected. As a result, experimental results show that position of pedestrians can be effectively estimated by using only the inertial sensors attached to both shoes.