• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.329-334
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• 2009

An oxy-fuel boiler has been developed to capture $CO_2$ from the exhaust gas. FGR (flue gas recirculation) is adopted to be compliant with the retrofit scenario. Numerical simulations have been performed to study the detailed physics inside the combustion chamber of the boiler. The temperature field obtained from the simulation agrees with the flame image from the experiment. The FGR combustion yields similar heat transfer characteristics with the conventional air combustion while the flame is formed further downstream in case of the FGR combustion.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.2303-2309
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• 2004

Flue gas recirculation (FGR) is a method widely adopted to control NOx in combustion system. The recirculated flue gas decreases flame temperature and reaction rate, resulting in the decrease in thermal NO production. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the recirculated flue gas in fuel stream, that is, the fuel induced recirculation (FIR), could enhance a much improved reduction in NOx per unit mass of recirculated gas, as compared to the conventional FGR in air. In the present study, the effect of FGR/FIR methods on NOx reduction in turbulent swirl flames by using N$_2$ and CO$_2$ as diluent gases to simulate flue gases. Results show that CO$_2$ dilution is more effective in NO reduction because of large temperature drop due to the larger specific heat of CO$_2$ compared to N$_2$ and FIR is more effective to reduce NO emission than FGR when the same recirculation ratio of dilution gas is used.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.1686-1691
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• 2004

The effect of recirculated exhaust gas on performance and exhaust emissions with FGR rate are investigated by using a natural circulation, pressurized draft and water tube boiler with FGR system operating at several boiler loads and over fire air(OFA) damper openings. The purpose of this study is to apply the FGR system to a power plant boiler for reducing $NO_{x}$ emissions. To activate the combustion, the suction damper of two stage combustion system installed in the upper side of wind box is opened by handling the lever between $0^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ , and the OFA with 0 to 20% into the flame is supplied, as the combustion air supplied to burner is reduced. It is found that the fuel consumption rate divided by evaporation rate does not show an obvious tendency to increase or decrease with rising the FOR rate, and $NO_{x}$ emissions are decreased, at the same OF A damper opening, as FOR rates are elevated and boiler loads are dropped.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.23-30
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• 2011

In the iron and steel manufacturing, sintering process precedes blast furnace to prepare feed materials by agglomerating powdered iron ore to form larger particles. There are several techniques which have devised to improve sintering production and productivity including flue gas recirculation(FGR) and additive gas enriched operation. The application of those techniques incurs variations of process configurations as well as inlet and outlet gas conditions such as temperature, composition, and flow rate which exert direct influence on reactions in the bed or the operation of the entire plant. In this study, an approach of sintering bed modeling using flowsheet process simulator was devised in consideration of FGR and the change of incoming and outgoing gas conditions. Results of modeling for both normal and FGR sintering process were compared in terms of outgoing gas temperature, concentration, and moisture distribution pattern as well as incoming gas conditions. It is expected to expand the model for various process configurations with FGR, which may provide the usefulness for design and operation of sintering plant with FGR.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.60-67
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• 2021

This study presented techno-economic analysis of a 500 MWe oxy-coal power plant with CO2 capture. The power plant included a circulating fluidized-bed (CFB), ultra-supercritical steam turbine, flue gas conditioning (FGC), air separation unit (ASU), and CO2 processing unit (CPU). The dry flue gas recirculation (FGR) was used to control the combustion temperature of CFB. One FGR heat exchanger, one heat exchanger for N2 stream exiting ASU, and a heat recovery from CPU compressor were considered to enhance heat efficiency. The decrease in the temperature difference (ΔT) of the FGR heat exchanger that means the increase in heat recovery from flue gas enhanced the electricity and exergy efficiencies. The annual cost including the FGR heat exchanger and FGC cooling water was minimized at ΔT = 10 ℃, where the electricity efficiency, total capital cost, total production cost, and return on investment were 39%, 1371 M$, 90 M$, and 7%/y, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.1213-1227
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• 2023

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a prevalent obstetric condition. This study aimed to investigate the role of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in regulating the inflammatory response and gut microbiota structure in FGR. An FGR animal model was established in rats, and ODN1668 and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) were administered. Changes in gut microbiota structure were assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was conducted. HTR-8/Svneo cells were treated with ODN1668 and HCQ to evaluate cell growth. Histopathological analysis was performed, and relative factor levels were measured. The results showed that FGR rats exhibited elevated levels of TLR9 and myeloid differentiating primary response gene 88 (MyD88). In vitro experiments demonstrated that TLR9 inhibited trophoblast cell proliferation and invasion. TLR9 upregulated lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS-binding protein (LBP), interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α while downregulating IL-10. TLR9 activated the TARF3-TBK1-IRF3 signaling pathway. In vivo experiments showed HCQ reduced inflammation in FGR rats, and the relative cytokine expression followed a similar trend to that observed in vitro. TLR9 stimulated neutrophil activation. HCQ in FGR rats resulted in changes in the abundance of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group at the family level and the abundance of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group and Bacteroides at the genus level. TLR9 and associated inflammatory factors were correlated with Bacteroides, Prevotella, Streptococcus, and Prevotellaceae_Ga6A1_group. FMT from FGR rats interfered with the therapeutic effects of HCQ. In conclusion, our findings suggest that TLR9 regulates the inflammatory response and gut microbiota structure in FGR, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of FGR and suggesting potential therapeutic interventions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

A combined hydrogen generator of plasma and catalytic reformer was developed, and was applied to stabilize unstable flame of 200,000 Kcal/hr LPG combustor. The role of the plasma reformer was to generate hydrogen in a short period and to heat-up the catalytic reformer during the start-up time. After the start-up period, the catalytic reformer generates hydrogen through steam reforming with oxygen (SRO) reactions. The maximum capacity of the hydrogen generator was enough 100 lpm to stabilize the flame of the present combustor. In order to reduce NOx and CO emissions simultaneously, 1) FGR (Flue Gas Recirculation) technique has been adopted and 2) the hydrogen was added into the fuel supplied to the combustor. Test results showed that the addition of 25% hydrogen and 30% FGR rate lead to simultaneous decrease of CO and NOx emissions. The technique developed in the present study showed good potential to replace $NH_3$ SCR technique, especially in the small-scale combustor applications.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.22-30
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• 2007

The NOx emission characteristics were studied in an oscillating combustion burner equipped with a specially designed proportioning valve. The effects of various parameters on the NOx emission which are important in oscillating combustion were investigated. Also, the effects of coincident application of flue gas recirculation(FGR) were evaluated. The results show that oscillating combustion is an efficient tool for reducing NOx in the burner. Up to 53% of NOx reduction could be acquired in low frequency and small duty ratio conditions. The coincident application of FGR further reduced the NOx emission up to 74%. Thus, this study assured that oscillating combustion technology with FGR could be a fascinating method for NOx reduction in industrial burners.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.8-16
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• 2019

One of the methods for low-pollution combustion, flue gas recirculation(FGR) is effective to reduce nitrogen oxides and it was applied in CH₄/air premixed counterflow flames to identify the change of flame characteristics and NOx mechanisms. Considering that the mole fraction of the products varied depending on the strain rates, the major products: CO₂, H₂O, O₂ and N₂ were recirculated as a diluent to reflect the actual combustion system. With the application of the FGR technique, a turning point of maximum flame temperature under certain strain rate condition was found. Furthermore as the recirculation ratio increased, the tendency of NO was changed before and after the turning point and the analysis on thermal NO and Fenimore NO production was conducted.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.39-47
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• 2020

Flue gas recirculation(FGR) is an effective combustion technique for reducing nitrogen oxides(NOx) and is applied in various fields of low-pollution combustion. Continuing the previous study, a numerical analysis was conducted to identify changes of flame characteristics and NOx formation mechanism with applying FGR technique in CH₄/air premixed counterflow flames. NOx emitted was divided into four main reaction paths(thermal NO, prompt NO, N₂H and N₂O), showing relatively the production rate of NO with the recirculation ratio. As a result, thermal NO contributed greatly to the overall NO whereas the effect of N₂H was minimal. In addition, emission index of NO was compared as the recirculation ratio increased by modifying the UC San Diego mechanism to examine the contribution of thermal NO.