• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.9 no.9
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• pp.700-706
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• 2003

This paper presents a 3D last design system that provides the 3-dimensional last data based on the FFD(Free Form Deformation) method. The proposed system utilizes the control points for deformation factor to convert from the 3D point cloud foot data to the 3D point cloud last data. The deformation factor of the FFD is obtained from the conventional last design technique, and constructed on the FFD lattice based on the bottom view and lateral view of the measured 3D point cloud foot data. In addition, the control points of FFD lattice is decided on the anatomical points of foot. The deformed 3D last obtained from the proposed FFD is saved as a 3D dxf foot data. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system have the descent 3D last data based on the openGL window.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 2005

This paper presents a 3D last design system utilizing an uniform foot pressure FFD method. The proposed uniform foot pressure FFD(UFPFFD) is operated on the rule of foot pressure unbalance analysis and FFD. The deformation factor of the UFPFFD is constructed on the FFD lattice with the foot pressure unbalance analysis on the measured 3D foot bottom shape. In addition, the control points of FFD lattice are decided on the anatomical point and the foot pressure distribution. The 3D last design result obtained from the proposed UFPFFD is saved as a 3D dxf data format. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed last design guarantees the balanced foot pressure distribution against on the conventional last design method.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.590-593
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• 2007

The textural properties of doughs mixed with L-ascorbic acid (AA), trypsin hydrolyzed gluten peptide (THGP), and a mixture of AA-THGP were investigated using texture analyzer under the fermentation of the full formula and the freezing process. The full formula dough (FFD) required a shorter mixing time than the flour and water formula dough (FWD). The maximum resistance (Rmax) values of both the unfrozen and frozen doughs were lower for the FFD. The effects of AA and THGP additions were not significant (p<0.01) in FFD, however, they were significant in FWD. The freezing effect was significant (p<0.0001) for FFD, indicating that yeast fermented dough was much more sensitive to damage from freezing, which subsequently affected dough strength. Additions of AA (p=0.0026) and THGP (p=0.0097) had a significant effect on the extensibility (E-value) of unfrozen FWD, where THGP increased and AA decreased the E-value. However, freezing did not significantly effect the extensibilities of FWD (p=0.64) or FFD (p=0.21). The area of FFD was lower than the area of FWD for both the unfrozen and frozen doughs. However, the frozen dough mixed with THGP alone had the largest area overall. The addition of additives did not result in significantly different (p<0.01) areas under the curve, except in the frozen FFD. Freezing caused a statistically significant difference in the area of FWD (p=0.0045).

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2013

Split-flow thin cell (SPLITT) fractionation (SF) is a rapid separation technique capable of separating colloidal particles or macromolecules into two or more fractions. SF allows fractionations in a preparative scale as sample is fed continuously. Generally SF uses a thin ribbon-like channel equipped with two flow stream splitters at the inlet and outlet of the channel. Thus there exist two flow inlets and two flow outlets at the top and bottom of the inlet and outlet of the channel, respectively. There are two operating modes in SF, conventional mode and full-feed mode (FFD). Although the resolution in the FFD mode is lower than that in the conventional mode, FFD mode has some merits. The design of the channel and operation are simpler in the FFD mode, as it does not require the feeding of the solvent. Thus there is no flow stream splitter at the channel inlet, and only one pump is needed, unlike the conventional mode, where two pumps are required for the feedings of the sample and the solvent separately. Also the sample is not diluted in the FFD mode as there is no solvent feeding, which is important for fractionation samples with low colloidal concentrations such as environmental samples. For some of environmental samples, pre-concentration is often required. In this study, a new large-scale splitter-less FFD-SF channel was implemented, where there is no splitter at the outlet as well as at the inlet of the channel. It was possible to build the channel in a much larger dimension than conventional ones, allowing much higher sample throughput (TP). The new channel was tested and optimized with polyurethane (PU) latex beads, and then applied to large-scale separation of Polyacrylate (PA).

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.539-548
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of scattering radiation, which was not considered in the cultural Heritage radiography, by evaluating the relationship between the tube voltage (unit: kVp), film-floor-distance(FFD), and lead screen layout. The density (unit: D) of the test specimens and the scattered radiation increased with the tube voltage. The density of the test specimens showed an average deviation of 1.4 D; it was 0.17 D at 60 kVp, 1.54 D at 160 kVp, and 2.97 D at 220 kVp. The mean density of the scattered radiation was 0.10 D at 60 kVp, 0.40 D at 160 kVp, and 0.46 D at 220 kVp. The density tended to increase when the tube voltage ranged between 60 kVp and 160 kVp, as the FFD distance increased. However, a change in the permeation density was not observed for high voltages(160 kVp-220 kVp). Scattered radiation was observed when FFD was 50 mm, 100 mm, and 200 mm and no lead screen was used and the bottom surface was replaced with the lead screen. No scattered radiation was observed when FFD was 0 mm. The identification rate ranged from 2.08% to 2.67%, according to the FFD, for a 160 kVp tube voltage, and from 2.67% to 3.33% for a 220 kVp tube voltage.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.713-720
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• 2012

Unlike FEM (Finite Element Method), which provides an accurate deformation of soft objects, FFD (Free Form Deformation) based methods have been widely used for a quick and responsive representation of deformable objects in real-time applications such as computer games, animations, or simulations. The FFD-AABB (Free Form Deformation Axis Aligned Bounding Box) algorithm was also suggested to address the collision handling problems between deformable objects at an interactive rate. This paper proposes an enhanced FFD-AABB algorithm to improve the frame rate of simulation by adding the bounding sphere based collision test between 3D deformable objects. We provide a comparative analysis with previous methods and the result of proposed method shows about an 85% performance improvement.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.768-773
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• 2005

A new approach for human foot modelling and last design based on the cross sectional method is presented in this paper. The proposed last design method utilizes the dynamic trimmed parametric patches for the foot 3D data and last 3D data. The cross section a surface of 3D foot for the 3D last, design modeling of free form geometric last shapes. The proposed last design scheme wraps the 3D last data surrounding the measured 3D foot data with the effect of deforming the last design rule The last design rule of the FFD is constructed on the FFD lattice based on foot-last shape analysis. In addition, the control points of FFD lattice are constructed with cross sectional data interpolation methods from the a finite set of 3D foot data. The deformed 3D last result obtained from the proposed FFD is saved as a 3D dxf foot data. The experimental results demonstrate that the last designed with the proposed scheme has good performance.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 2006

A new last design approach based on the Limb line FFD (LFFD) and Scale factor FFD (SFFD) is presented in this paper. The proposed last design method utilizes the dynamic trimmed parametric patches for the measured foot 3D data and last 3D data. Furthermore, the proposed last data generation system utilizes cross sectional data extracted obtained from the measured 3D foot data. First, the last design rule of the LFFD is constructed on the FFD lattice based on foot last shape analysis. Secondly, SFFD is constructed on the LFFD new lattice based on scale factor deformation. The scale factor is constructed on the boundary edges of polygonized patch and the cross section last data boundary edge of the polygon object. Suppose the two boundary curves have been preprocessed so that they run in the same direction and they forms the SF(Scale Factor). In addition, the control points of FFD lattice are derived with cross. sectional data interpolation methods from a finite set of 3D foot data.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2014

SPLITT fractionation (SF) allows continuous (and thus a preparative scale) separation of micronsized particles into two size fractions ('fraction-a' and 'fraction-b'). SF is usually carried out in a thin rectangular channel with two inlets and two outlets, which is equipped with flow stream splitters at the inlet and the outlet of the channel, respectively. A new large scale splitter-less gravitational SF (GSF) system had been assembled, which was designed to eliminate the flow stream splitters and thus is operated by the full feed depletion (FFD) mode (FFD-GSF). In the FFD mode, there is only one inlet through which the sample is fed. There is no carrier liquid fed into the channel, and thus prevents the sample dilution. The effects of the sample-feeding flow rate, the channel thickness on the fractionation efficiency (FE, number % of particles that have the size predicted by theory) of FFD-GSF was investigated using industrial polyurethane (PU) latex beads. The carrier liquid was water containing 0.1% FL-70 (particle dispersing agent) and 0.02% sodium azide (used as bactericide). The sample loading rate was varied from about 4 to 7 L/hr with the sample concentration fixed at 0.01%. The GSF channel thickness was varied from 900 to $1300{\mu}m$. Particles exiting the GSF channel were collected and monitored by optical microscopy (OM). Sample recovery was monitored by collecting the fractionated particles on a $0.45{\mu}m$ membrane filter. It was found that FE of fraction-a was increased as the channel thickness increases, and FE of fraction-b was increased as the flow rate was increased. In all cases, the sample recovery has higher than 95%. It seems the new splitter-less FFD GSF system could become a useful tool for large scale separations of various types of micron-sized particles.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.126-131
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• 2010

In order to maximize the growth of Bifidobacterium lactis BL 740 and soy isoflavone agycones production, we investigated the optimization of a culture medium containing soy hypocotyls, which are the byproducts of the soy manufacturing process, and soy proteins. The ingredients of the medium containing soy materials (S-medium) were selected by fractional factorial design (FFD) and central composite design (CCD) within a desirable range. The FFD was applied by six factors: glucose, cellobiose, fructooligosaccharide, soy peptone, soy protein, and soy hypocotyl. Soy protein, soy peptone, and soy hypocotyl were found to be significant factors from the result of FFD for both the growth of B. lactis BL 740 and aglycone production. The CCD was then applied with three variables found from FFD at five levels each and the optimum values were determined for the three variables: soy peptone, soy protein, and soy hypocotyl. In the case of the growth of B. lactics BL740, the proposed optimal media contained 12.73 g/L of soy protein, 29.55 g/L of soy peptone, and 130.67 g/L of soy hypocotyl. To produce isoflavone aglycones, optimized media was composed of 2.06 g/L, soy protein, 1.25 g/L of soy peptone, and 60.02 g/L of soy hypocotyl.