• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.211-215
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• 2015

From the previous study, Enterococcus faecium SH01 was isolated from mukeunji, an over-ripened kimchi, and it produced bacteriocin SH01. Bacteriocin SH01 showed an inhibitory effect against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19111, a bacterial strain causing human listeriosis. Crude bacteriocin SH01 was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and its inhibitory activity at two concentrations (500 and 1,000 AU/g) against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19111 was investigated in ground beef at increasing temperatures (5, 10, 15, and 20℃) for 8 d. The number of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19111 significantly decreased (p<0.05) as the concentration of bacteriocin increased from 500 to 1,000 AU/g. Intrinsic crude protease activities in ground beef were examined and increased as the temperature increased. Experiments varying both the concentrations of added bacteriocin SH01 and temperature demonstrated a maximum inhibition (2.33 log reduction of bacteria) in samples containing 1,000 AU/g of bacteriocin SH01 incubated at 20℃. When the crude bacteriocin SH01 solution (1,280 AU/mL) was incubated with crude protease solutions at different temperatures, its activity decreased by only half (640 AU/mL), as assessed in an agar well diffusion assay. The finding that the antilisterial activity of bacteriocin SH01 increased with temperature can be explained by the fact that higher temperatures increase bacterial membrane fluidity, thereby promoting the cellular penetration of bacteriocin SH01 into L. monocytogenes. Bacteriocin SH01 may be an excellent candidate as a biopreservative for controlling L. monocytogenes growth in ground beef.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.207-213
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• 1997

This study was conducted to correlate changes in plant growth and flowering behavior with inhibition of gibberellin synthesis following application of GA biosynthesis inhibitor. Two sorghum genotypes, wild-type and phyB-1(phytochrome B mutant) which grow fast and flowers early relative to the wild-type, were used. Both growth and floral initiation of these two genotypes were greatly affected by ancymidol concentration increased. However, these growth inhibition and delayed flowering are almost completely overcome by simultaneous applications of 31.6ppm $GA_3$. The ability of $GA_3$ to reverse the effect of the inhibition on both growth and floral initiation in sorghum suggests a role for native GAs in sorghum flowering. This result was contrast to the fact that in some long day plants GA biosynthesis inhibitors will inhibit shoot elongation but not floral initiation. In sorghum, inhibition of vegetative growth by GA biosynthesis inhibitor is accompanied by a delay in flowering. Ten ppm of ancymidol treatments drastically reduced all early-13-hydroxylation pathway GAs($GA_{12}$, $GA_{53}$, $GA_{19}$, $GA_{20}$, $GA_3$, and $GA_8$) levels.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.255-268
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to deepen our understanding about mothers' parenting stress in multi-cultural families. The study was conducted through in-depth interviews of 6 mothers from Mongolia, Philippines, and Japan who were living in Seoul. The findings of this study were as follows. First, mothers of multi-cultural families had difficulties of giving birth and child rearing, especially in the earliest years of their children. They were not fully adapted to the ways of living in Korea with little social support from family members and neighbors. Second, they were worried about their children's development, particularly language development due to their lack of understanding and fluency in Korean. Third, they were concerned about the cultural and racial discrimination against their children. They expected their children to be treated and respected equally like ordinary Korean children. Fourth, they were anxious about the fact that their children might not acquire the basic academic skills before they enter the elementary schools. Furthermore, they were worried that their children might not get as much educational support as they want. Fifth, despite the burden of mother's role in Korea, they wished to get a job to support their children for better education. In conclusion, the marriage immigrant mothers experienced the stress due to the lack of social support, the discrimination against immigrants, the possibilities of their children's delays in development, the disparity in the level of support for educating their children and the high expectations about their children's education in Korean society. Therefore it is necessary for the policy makers to consider more practical support system for the multi-cultural families in order for the marriage immigrant mothers to build up self-confidence in child rearing and educating their children.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.139-145
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• 2015

The present study investigates the effects of syllable structure and prosodic prominence on the patterns of tonal alignment and scaling of the phrase-initial rise in Seoul Korean. Two syllable structures (Onset (/#CVC.../ as in minsa) vs. No-onset (/#VC.../ as in insa)) and two prominence conditions (Focus vs. Neutral) were considered. Results showed that the alignment of the L and the H tones in the phrase-initial rise was affected by syllable structure but not by prominence. The time of L was before the vowel onset of the first syllable in the Onset condition (i.e., within the onset consonant) and it was after the vowel onset in the No-onset condition. The difference was attributable to the fact that the initial L was anchored at a fixed distance from the phrase boundary, which was about 30ms after the onset of the syllable in both cases. The time of H was also consistently observed about 20ms after the second vowel onset (i.e., /a/ in minsa/insa). Moreover, the rise time (the duration from the L to the H tones) was longer as the local syllable duration became longer due to different syllable structure and prominence conditions. Taken together, the results provide a support for the segmental anchoring hypothesis, which claims that both the beginning and the end of F0 movement are consistently aligned with segmental 'anchor' points with relatively high stability (Ladd et al., 1999). Results also showed that the scaling of the early rise was slightly influenced by syllable structure but not by prominence. The differences between the results of the current study and a previous study (Cho, 2011) are further discussed.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.146-153
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• 2006

We have been investigating InGaAs HEMTs as a future high-speed and low-power logic technology for beyond CMOS applications. In this work, we have experimentally studied the role of the side-recess spacing $(L_{side})$ on the logic performance of 50 nm $In_{0.7}Ga_{0.3}As$ As HEMTs. We have found that $L_{side}$ has a large influence on the electrostatic integrity (or short channel effects), gate leakage current, gate-drain capacitance, and source and drain resistance of the device. For our device design, an optimum value of $L_{side}$ of 150 nm is found. 50 nm $In_{0.7}Ga_{0.3}As$ HEMTs with this value of $L_{side}$ exhibit $I_{ON}/I_{OFF}$ ratios in excess of $10^4$, subthreshold slopes smaller than 90 mV/dec, and logic gate delays of about 1.3 ps at a $V_{CC}$ of 0.5 V. In spite of the fact that these devices are not optimized for logic, these values are comparable to state-of-the-art MOSFETs with similar gate lengths. Our work confirms that in the landscape of alternatives for beyond CMOS technologies, InAs-rich InGaAs FETs hold considerable promise.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1209-1217
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• 1992

Triiodothyronine[T3] is an important regulator of the tissue metabolism, and may have potential use as an inotropic agent. The change of serum T3 level was studied in the pediatric age patients after cardiopulmonary by pass. Thyroid function was tested pre-operatively in 33 patients and total triiodothyronine[TT3] levels were serially measured during and after cardiopulmonary bypass[CPB]. After correction of dilutional effect, effects of various factors on the TT3 levels were analyzed. Abrupt fall of TT3 level was demonstrated at 15 minutes after CPB[80.1$\pm$5.9ng/dL] from the initial level of 133.6$\pm$5.3ng/dL, with some recovery at 6 hours[115.4$\pm$6.7ng/dL]. After then, gradual decrease occured reaching to the level of 77.2$\pm$4.2ng /dL at 24 hours. These falls of the TT3 after CPB were statistically significant. [p<0.01 ANOVA] Statistically significant correlation were found between the degree of hemodilution and TT3 concentration at 15 and 30 minutes after CPB[p<0.05]. But, other factors were analyzed to have no effect on TT3 levels. As the degree of the hemodilution increases, TT3 decreased less. This observation probably supports the fact that decrease of TT3 during CPB may be a result of sequestration of T3 into peripheral tissue. Although it was not statistically significant[p=0.08], the fall of TT3 was greater in the group to which plasmanate was added, than those not added. This finding seemed to be due to the increase of albumin and other thyroid-hormone-binding-proteins in the serum. Increase of these binding proteins might potentiate the sequestration of T3 into the liver and the kidney from serum, and as a consequence, decrese the serum TT3 level further.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.251-255
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• 1976

Three hundred and sixty two specimens of Plecoglossus altivelis were randomly sampled from Chunji Stream in Seogwipo, Cheju-Do, during the period from 25 Aug., 1973 to 14 Feb., 1974 to investigate the relationship between total length and dody weight as well as the condition factor during the spawning period. Results obtained are summarized as follows : The relationships between total length and body weight are calculated as below, respectively : $W=0.008639\;L^{3.1806}$ : Prior to spawning period $W=0.01830\;L^{2.7689}$ : During spawning period The above equations differ each other significantly. Nevertheless, the significant difference is not found between sexes. The mean body length decreased during the spawning season. The fact seems to be caused by the death of large fish after spawning. The condition factor was $13.45\%_{\circ}$ on the average in August. The value decreased continuously from September, giving the minimum mean value of $10.25\%_{\circ}$ on Nobember 29. But the value increased again, showing $11.18\%_{\circ}$ in next February. Majority of the fish survived until next year was small ranging from 11 to 12cm in total length.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.517-523
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• 2014

In order to remove both nitrate and sulfate present in the concentrate of RO(reverse osmosis) process, a combined bio-regeneration and ion-exchange(IX) system was studied. For this purpose, both denitrifying bacteria(DNB) and sulfate reducing bacteria(SRB) were simultaneously cultivated in a bio-reactor under anaerobic conditions. When the IX column containing a nitrate-selective A520E resin was fully exhausted by nitrate and sulfate, the IX column was bio-regenerated by pumping the supernatant of the bio-reactor, which contains MLSS concentration of $125{\pm}25mg/L$, at the flowrate of 360 BV/hr. Even though the nitrate-selective A520E resin was used, the breakthrough curves of ionic species showed that sulfate was exhausted earlier than nitrate. The reason for this result is due to the fact that the concentration of sulfate in RO concentrate was 36 to 48 times higher than nitrate. The bio-reactor was successfully operated at a volumetric loading rate of 0.6 g $COD/l{\cdot}d$, nitrate-N loading rate of 0.13 g $NO_3{^-}-N/l{\cdot}d$, and sulfate loading rate of 0.08 g $SO_4{^{2-}}/l{\cdot}d$. The removal rate of SCOD, nitrate-N, sulfate was 90, 100, and 85%, respectively. When the virgin resin was fully exhausted and consecutively bio-regenerated for 2 days, 81% of nitrate and 93% of sulfate were reduced. When the virgin resin was repeatedly used up to 4 cycles of service and bio-regeneration, the ion-exchange capacity of bio-regenerated resin decreased to 95, 91, 88, and 81% of virgin resin.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2011

Distribution characteristics of two dominant paracalanids of the family Paracalanidae on temperature and salinity were studied in the brackish and coastal waters from the West and South coasts of Korea. Bestiolina coreana mainly occurs in a range of 29.8~31.3 psu salinity and temperature of more than about $20^{\circ}C$, while Paracalanus parvus s. l. mainly occurs in a range $17{\sim}20^{\circ}C$ temperature and more than 30 psu salinity. The fact clearly indicates that temperature and salinity was a major factors in spatio-temporal distribution between these two paracalanids.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.336-339
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• 1995

Ephedra distachya cultures have been known to accumulate two major $\rho-coumaroylamino$ acids (p-coumaroylgicine and $\rho-coumaroylamino$ -D-alanine) by D-Ala treament. When D-Ala was added together with serial concentrations of yeast-derived elicitor, the accumulation of $\rho-coumaroylamino$ -D-Ala $(\rho-CDA)$ was geatly increased in an additive manner. In feeding experiments, $[1-^14C]$-D-Ala was incorporated into $\rho-CDA$at a rate of 2.2% or 2.3% of added radioactivity, indicating that exogenous D-Ala served as a precursor of the conjugate. $[1-^14C]$-L-Ala wasalso incorporated into p-CDA (0.23%) in the elicitor treated cultures. This fact suggested that at least a part of $(\rho-CDA)$ was produced from active conversion of L-Ala by the elecitation. In order to investigate a possible role of D-Ala as an elicitor of $\rpo-coumaroylamino$ acids $(\rpo-CAA)$, cold D-Ala was added together with labeled L-Ala. Although L-Ala seemed to be incorporated into $\rho-CDA$ by this treatment, the incorporation ratio was too small (0.054%) to draw a clear conclusion. However, the amount of $\rpo-coumaroylglycine$, which did not use D-Ala as a substrate, was also sightly increased by D-Ala treatment irrespective of the presence of elicitor, suggesting that exogenous D-Ala might act as an elicitor of$\rpo-CAA$ as well as a precusor substrate of $\rho-CDA$.