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Synthesis of Binuclear Bismacrocyclic Iron(II) Complex by the Aerobic Oxidation of Iron(II) Complex of 1,4,8,11-Tetraazacyclotetradecane

  • Myunghyun Paik Suh;Gee-Yeon Kong;Il-Soon Kim
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제14권4호
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    • pp.439-444
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    • 1993
  • The aerobic oxidation of the Fe(II) complex of 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, [Fe(cyclam)$(CH_3CN)_2](ClO_4)_2$, in MeCN in the presence of a few drops of $HClO_4$ leads to low spin Fe(III) species [Fe(cyclam)$(CH_3CN)_2](ClO_4)_3$. The Fe(III) cyclam complex is further oxidized in the air in the presence of a trace of water to produce the deep green binuclear bismacrocyclic Fe(II) complex $[Fe_2(C_{20}H_{36}N_8)(CH_3CN)_4](ClO_4)_4{\cdot}2CH_3CN$. The Fe(II) ions of the complex are six-coordinated and the bismacrocyclic ligand is extensively unsaturated. $[Fe_2(C_{20}H_{36}N_8)(CH_3CN)_4](ClO_4)_4{\cdot}2CH_3CN$ crystallizes in the monoclinic space group $P2_1/n$ with a= 13.099 (1) ${\AA}$, b= 10.930 (1) ${\AA}$, c= 17.859 (1) ${\AA}$, ${\beta}$= 95.315 $(7)^{\circ}$, and Z= 2. The structure was solved by heavy atom methods and refined anisotropically to R values of R= 0.0633 and $R_w$= 0.0702 for 1819 observed reflections with F > $4{\sigma}$ (F) measured with Mo K${\alpha}$ radiation on a CAD-4 diffractometer. The two macrocyclic units are coupled through the bridgehead carbons of ${\beta}$-diimitie moieties by a double bond. The double bonds in each macrocycle unit are localized. The average bond distances of $Fe(II)-N_{imine}$, $Fe(II)-N_{amine}$, and $Fe(II)-N_{MeCN}$ are 1.890 (5), 2.001 (5), and 1.925 (6) ${\AA}$, respectively. The complex is diamagnetic, containing two low spin Fe(II) ions in the molecule. The complex shows extremely intense charge transfer band in the near infrared at 868 nm with ${\varepsilon}$= 25,000 $M^{-1}cm^{-1}$. The complex shows a one-electron oxidation wave at +0.83 volts and two one-electron reduction waves at -0.43 and-0.72 volts vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The complex reacts with carbon monoxide in $MeNO_2$ to form carbonyl adducts, whose $v_{CO}$ value (2010 $cm^{-1}$) indicates the ${\pi}$-accepting property of the present bismacrocyclic ligand.

해양 와편모조류 Prorocentrum minimum에 대한 아세트아닐라이드계 제초제 프레틸라클로르의 분자 생물학적 저해 효과 (Molecular physiological inhibitory effects of chloroacetanilide herbicide pretilachlor on marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum)

  • 김한솔;기장서
    • 환경생물
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    • 제39권4호
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    • pp.452-462
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    • 2021
  • Pretilachlor (PRE)는 전 세계적으로 사용되는 아세트아닐리드계 제초제이며 수생 광영양생물에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 알려진 바가 거의 없다. 본 연구에서 해양 와편모조류 P. minimum를 대상으로 PRE의 생리적, 분자적 독성 영향을 평가하였다. 그 결과, PRE는 P. minimum의 성장률, 색소, 광합성 지표를 유의하게 감소시켰다. 또한, 광합성 관련 유전자 PmpsbA, PmpsaA 및 항산화 단백질 PmGST의 상대적 유전자 발현율과 세포 내 ROS 증가가 유의하였다. 이는 PRE가 P. minimum의 광합성 효율 저하 및 광계 손상을 야기하며, GST가 세포 내 산화 스트레스 및 PRE의 무독화에 관여함을 보여준다. 본 연구 결과는 PRE를 비롯한 아세트아닐라이드계 제초제가 해양 와편모조류의 세포 독성을 야기하며, 광합성 저해가 스트레스의 주요 원인임을 제시한다. 다른 아세트아닐라이드계 제초제가 비표적 광영양 생물에게 미치는 독성 영향은 아직 연구가 부족하므로, 향후 연구에서 다양한 생물종을 대상으로 추가 연구가 필요하다.

<로미오와 줄리엣>의 드라마투르기적 분석 및 공연분석 -셰익스피어의 드라마와 오태석의 공연- (Dramaturgische und Aufführungs-analyse von Romeo und Julia -Shakespeares Drama und Oh, Tae-suks Aufführung-)

  • 이인순
    • 한국연극학
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    • 제40호
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    • pp.163-206
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    • 2010
  • Um die Jahrhundertwende des 20. Jahrhunderts besinnt sich Theater als ein Kunstwerk auf seine eigene $Realit{\ddot{a}}t$, $K{\ddot{o}}rper$, Raum und Zeit. Die Existenzweise des Theaterkunstwerks ist $Auff{\ddot{u}}hrung$. Die Kennzeichen der $Auff{\ddot{u}}hrung$ ist Transitorik, Unmittelbarkeit und Ereignishaftigkeit. $Auff{\ddot{u}}hrungsanalyse$ der Theaterwissenschaft als Disziplin wird lange Zeit $vernachl{\ddot{a}}ssigt$, weil $Auff{\ddot{u}}hrung$ ein Opfer der Zeit ist. Angesichts der $Auf{\ddot{u}}hrungsanalyse$ $mu{\ss}$ man eine Invariante zur $Verf{\ddot{u}}gung$ stellen, um einen Gegenstand zu analysieren. Die Inszenierung als ${\ddot{a}}sthetischer$ Gegenstand ist einmalig und unwiederbringlich. Das $B{\ddot{u}}hnengeschehen$ ist materielle $Realit{\ddot{a}}t$, die von dem Zuschauer sinnlich - optisch und akustisch - erfahren wird. Die Inszenierung realisiert sich in 'drei $B{\ddot{u}}hnengestalten$': 'Intendierte $B{\ddot{u}}hnengestalt$', 'realen $B{\ddot{u}}hnengestalt$' und 'vermeinte $B{\ddot{u}}hnengestalt$'. Die $Auff{\ddot{u}}hrung$ konkretisiert sich im Kopf des Zuschauers nicht als eine reale $B{\ddot{u}}hnengestalt$, sondern als ein '${\ddot{a}}sthetisches$ Objekt', 'als Abdruck der $B{\ddot{u}}hnenvorg{\ddot{a}}nge$'. Der Platz des $Auff{\ddot{u}}hrungsanalytikers$ ist der des Zuschauers, des Rezipienten. Die ${\ddot{a}}sthetische$ $B{\ddot{u}}hnengestalt$ ist eine Rekonstruktion der selektiven wahrgenommenden $Auff{\ddot{u}}hrung$, die der 'realen $B{\ddot{u}}hnengestalt$' ${\ddot{a}}hnelt$. Diese Rekonstruktion als neue $Sch{\ddot{o}}pfung$ des Rezipienten ist "Simulacrum", das der dem Objekt $hinzugef{\ddot{u}}gte$ Intellekt ist. Der Begriff der $Auff{\ddot{u}}hrungsanalyse$ wird Synonym $f{\ddot{u}}r$ die Interpretation als hermeneutischer $Proze{\ss}$. $F{\ddot{u}}r$ die Methode der $Auff{\ddot{u}}hrungsanalyse$ gibt es Strukturanalyse und Transformationsanalyse. Strukturanalyse geht $ausschlie{\ss}lich$ von der $Auff{\ddot{u}}hrung$ aus. Transformationsanalyse geht von der Transformation des Textes aus. $F{\ddot{u}}r$ diese Arbeit steht dramaturgische Analyse von Shakespeares Romeo und Julia als erste Grundlage. Die Handlungsentwicklung von Romeo und Julia ist klar in '$f{\ddot{u}}nf$ Akte' eingeteilt, die insgesamt aus 24 Szenen bestehen. Die Gesamthandlung von Romeo und Julia baut sich $pyramidenf{\ddot{o}}rmig$ nach dem Schema der steigenden und fallenden Handlung auf: Exposition/ Ausgangssituation (bis zur ersten Begegnung des Liebespaares auf dem Fest), erregendes Moment als Steigerung (von der Verliebtheit bis zur $Eheschlie{\ss}ung$), Wendepunkt/ Peripetie (Mercutios Tod), retardierendes Moment (Julias Scheintod) und Katastrophe (Vereinigung im Grabe). Die Handlung des $St{\ddot{u}}ckes$ gliedert sich in eine Haupt- und eine Nebenhandlung: dominierend ist die Liebeshandlung zwischen Romeo und Julia, daneben steht die Entwicklung der Fehde zwischen den Familien von Montague und Capulet; sie sind 'sich gegenseitig bedingend, steigernd, hemmend und vernichtend'. Parallelisierung und Kontrast der Figurenkonstellation werden in den jeweils sozial oder im Alter entsprechenden Figuren aus den beiden verfeindeten Familien gezeigt. Die Thematik des $St{\ddot{u}}ckes$ kommt in dem Oxymoron "loving hate" (I.1.175) zum Ausdruck. Shakespeare $l{\ddot{a}}sst$ die Liebeshandlung von Romeo und Julia in der Art der de casibus-$Trag{\ddot{o}}die$ spielen; deren Handlungsmuster ist 'dargestellt im Rad der Fortuna, das einen Menschen $emportr{\ddot{a}}gt$ und wieder $abst{\ddot{u}}rzen$ $l{\ddot{a}}sst$'. Das $St{\ddot{u}}ck$ Romeo und Julia ist eine experimentelle $Trag{\ddot{o}}die$. Es beginnt als $Kom{\ddot{o}}die$ mit $Z{\ddot{u}}gen$ einer Romanze, die sich aus dem Motiv der privaten Liebe und Heirat entwickelt. Pater Lorenzo und die Amme treten mit Lorenzos Wissen von der magischen Kraft der $Kr{\ddot{a}}uter$ und der $Geschw{\ddot{a}}tzigkeit$ der Amme $h{\ddot{a}}ufig$ in der $Kom{\ddot{o}}die$ auf. Die Handlung von Romeo und Julia erreicht mit Mercutios Tod den Wendepunkt, der die komische Welt zur tragischen umwandelt. $F{\ddot{u}}r$ die Sprache gibt es Prosa der Diener wie die Alltagssprache der einfachen Leute und zugleich Verse der Adeligen. Shakespeare verwendet eine kontrastreiche Metaphorik $f{\ddot{u}}r$ Raum und Zeit. Dreimal geschehen am Tag die $K{\ddot{a}}mpfe$ der verfeindeten Familien auf den ${\ddot{o}}ffentlichen$ $Pl{\ddot{a}}tzen$. Der Tag wirft ein Licht auf den Hass und die Gewalt. Die Nacht aber ist die $Sph{\ddot{a}}re$ der Liebe, wo Romeo und Julia ihre heimliche Verbindung verborgen halten $k{\ddot{o}}nnen$. Die Liebenden treffen sich in der Nacht und in dem ummauerten Raum. Oh, Tae-Suks "Romeo und Julia" wird in der Form des Madangguks gestaltet. Die Handlung in Oh, Tae- Suks Textfassung ist also nicht nach dem Prinzip der $Kausalit{\ddot{a}}t$ und Folgerichtigkeit zu lesen wie im Shakespeare-Drama. Wegen dem Ignorieren der $Kausalit{\ddot{a}}t$ des Handlungsablaufes und dem Fehlen der Motivation der Handlung ergibt sich hier keine individuelle psychologische Figurencharakterisierung. Die Figuren sind typisiert. Die koreanische Textfassung mit den extremen textlichen $Verk{\ddot{u}}rzungen$ und den zwei szenischen $Hinzuf{\ddot{u}}gungen$ $pr{\ddot{a}}gt$ die Inszenierung dahingehend, dass an die Stelle der Wortsprache mehr $K{\ddot{o}}rpersprache$ und szenische Bilder treten. Die langen Sprechpartien der Figuren im Shakespeare-Drama werden meistens $gek{\ddot{u}}rzt$ und $beschr{\ddot{a}}nken$ sich entweder auf Informationen ${\ddot{u}}ber$ die Situation oder zur Handlungsentwicklung. Und der Handlungsablauf erfolgt in Episoden sowie Musik, Lied und Tanz; Musik, Lied und Tanz dienen einerseits dem ${\ddot{U}}bergang$ der Szenen, sind aber andererseits auch selbst Teil des Handlungsablaufs. $W{\ddot{a}}hrend$ Shakespeare die Sprache der $W{\ddot{o}}rter$ in den Vordergrund $r{\ddot{u}}ckt$, $st{\ddot{u}}tzt$ Oh, Tae-Suk sich mehr auf die Sprache des $K{\ddot{o}}rpers$, die ja zugleich bildhaft ist. $Daf{\ddot{u}}r$ nimmt die Inszenierung Tanz und Lieder. Oh, Tae-Suks Inszenierung entwirft Shakespeares $Trag{\ddot{o}}die$ in der Form des Madangguks als Spiel und zugleich als erkennentnisorientiertes, nachdenkliches Theater $f{\ddot{u}}r$ den koreanischen Zuschauer, das dem traditionellen koreanischen Theater als Unterhaltungstheater nicht $m{\ddot{o}}glich$ ist, in dem sich das Volk von der Wirklichkeit erleichterte und sich $vergn{\ddot{u}}gte$. Oh, Tae-Suk formt das Publikum zum 'Wir' und zugleich zum 'Ich'. Mit dem Zusammensein der $v{\ddot{o}}llig$ andernen Theaterkulturen schafft der Reigisseur das hybride Theater und dadurch bildet $f{\ddot{u}}r$ die moderne koreanische Gesellschaft eine neue kulturelle $Identit{\ddot{a}}t$ heraus.

Effect of Partial Replacement of Green Grass by Urea Treated Rice Straw in Winter on Milk Production of Crossbred Lactating Cows

  • Sanh, M.V.;Wiktorsson, H.;Ly, L.V.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제15권4호
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    • pp.543-548
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    • 2002
  • Fresh elephant grass was replaced by urea treated rice straw (UTRS) to evaluate the effects on milk production of crossed lactating cows. A total of 16 crossbred F1 cows (Holstein Friesian ${\times}$ Vietnamese Local Yellow), with a body weight of about 400 kg and lactation number from three to five, were used in the experiment. The experimental cows were blocked according to the milk yield of the previous eight weeks and divided into 4 homogenous groups. The experiment was conducted with a Latin Square design with 4 treatments and 4 periods. Each period was 4 weeks, with 2 weeks of feed adaptation and 2 weeks for data collection. The ratio of concentrate to roughage in the ration was 50:50. All cows were given constant amounts of elephant grass dry matter (DM), with ratios of 100% grass without UTRS (control treatment 100G), and 75% grass (75G), 50% grass (50G) and 25% grass (25G) with ad libitum UTRS. Daily total DM intake on 100G, 75G, 50G and 25G was 12.04, 12.31, 12.32 and 11.85 kg, and the daily ME intake was 121.6, 121.5, 119.4 and 114.3 MJ, respectively. The daily CP intake was similar for all treatments (1.85-1.91 kg). There was a difference (p<0.05) in daily milk yield between the 25G and the 100G and 75G (11.7 vs. 12.6 and 12.5 kg, respectively). Milk protein concentration was similar for all treatments, while a tendency to increased milk fat concentration following the increase of UTRS ratio was observed. The cows gained 4-5 kg body weight per month and showed first oestrus 3-4 months after calving. The overall feed conversion for milk production was not affected by ratio of UTRS in the ration. It is concluded that replacement of green grass by UTRS with a ratio of 50:50 for crossbred lactating cows is as good as feeding 100% green grass in terms of milk yield, body weight gain and feed conversion. UTRS can preferably replace green grass in daily rations for crossbred dairy cows in winter to cope with the shortage of green grass, with the ratio 1:1.

Effects of Natural Grass Forage to Concentrate Ratios and Feeding Principles on Milk Production and Performance of Crossbred Lactating Cows

  • Sanh, M.V.;Wiktorsson, H.;Ly, L.V.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제15권5호
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    • pp.650-657
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    • 2002
  • Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of forage:concentrate ratios and feeding principles on milk yield, milk composition, body weight change, postpartum oestrus and feed cost. A total of 36 crossbred F1 cows (Holstein Friesian${\times}$Local Yellow) in the 8th week of lactation were used. In each experiment, animals were divided into three groups using a randomized block design according to the milk yield of the previous eight weeks. Cows were fed 30, 50 and 70% concentrate in the diet based on DM. In experiment 1 (Fc), cows were given the same amount of DM with constant ratios of forage and concentrate within treatments. In experiment 2 (Fa), cows were given the same constant amounts of concentrate as in experiment 1 and ad libitum forage. The forage consisted of a natural grass mixture based on 5 species of grasses with high nutritive values. There was no difference in total DM intake between treatments within experiments. However, cows fed forage ad libitum had higher DM intakes compared to cows fed constant forage (1.6, 4.5 and 9.5% for cows fed 70, 50 and 30% forage, respectively). Daily milk yield of cows fed forage ad libitum was higher than that of cows fed constant forage:concentrate ratio. Within experiment, milk yield was highest for cows fed 30% DM forage, followed by cows fed 50% and then cows fed 70% forage (11.17, 10.98 and 10.71 for the 30Fc, 50Fc and 70Fc cows; 11.73, 11.16 and 10.81 kg for the 30Fa, 50Fa and 70Fa cows, respectively). Decreased forage ratio in the diets resulted in decreased milk fat content and tended to increase milk protein. Increased concentrate ratio in the diet and feeding forage ad libitum increased body weight gain. The effect of forage:concentrate ratio on postpartum oestrus was not significant. The feed cost per kg milk produced was lowest for the cows fed 70% forage. It is concluded that increased ratio of concentrate resulted in increased body weight gain, milk yield, milk protein, and decreased milk fat. Feeding forage ad libitum increased feed intake, milk yield and body weight gain. The ratio of 50% forage is more suitable for milk production and animal condition, but in terms of feed cost and under the conditions of small dairy farmers, the 70% ad libitum forage feeding is recommended.

Effects of dietary leucine supplementation on the hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism in normal birth weight and intrauterine growth-retarded weanling piglets

  • Su, Weipeng;Xu, Wen;Zhang, Hao;Ying, Zhixiong;Zhou, Le;Zhang, Lili;Wang, Tian
    • Nutrition Research and Practice
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    • 제11권2호
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    • pp.121-129
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    • 2017
  • BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary leucine supplementation on mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism in the liver of normal birth weight (NBW) and intrauterine growth-retarded (IUGR) weanling piglets. MATERIALS/METHODS: A total of sixteen pairs of NBW and IUGR piglets from sixteen sows were selected according to their birth weight. At postnatal day 14, all piglets were weaned and fed either a control diet or a leucine-supplemented diet for 21 d. Thereafter, a $2{\times}2$ factorial experimental design was used. Each treatment consisted of eight replications with one piglet per replication. RESULTS: Compared with NBW piglets, IUGR piglets had a decreased (P < 0.05) hepatic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content. Also, IUGR piglets exhibited reductions (P < 0.05) in the activities of hepatic mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), citrate synthase (CS), ${\alpha}$-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (${\alpha}$-KGDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and complexes I and V, along with decreases (P < 0.05) in the concentration of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the protein expression of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-${\gamma}$ coactivator $1{\alpha}$ (PGC-$1{\alpha}$). Dietary leucine supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the content of ATP, and the activities of CS, ${\alpha}$-KGDH, MDH, and complex V in the liver of piglets. Furthermore, compared to those fed a control diet, piglets given a leucine-supplemented diet exhibited increases (P < 0.05) in the mtDNA content and in the mRNA expressions of sirtuin 1, PGC-$1{\alpha}$, nuclear respiratory factor 1, mitochondrial transcription factor A, and ATP synthase, $H^+$ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, ${\beta}$ polypeptide in liver. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary leucine supplementation may exert beneficial effects on mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism in NBW and IUGR weanling piglets.

화재전류(IGR) 경보 기능이 내장된 누전경보차단기의 개발 및 안전성 평가에 관한 연구 (Development and Safety Evaluation of Earth Leakage Alarm Breaker Equipped with Fire Current (IGR) Alarming Function)

  • 고완수;최충석
    • 한국화재소방학회논문지
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    • 제34권3호
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    • pp.43-48
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    • 2020
  • 본 연구에서는 누전경보 기능이 내장된 누전경보차단기(JER-E2S, ETECKOREA Co., Korea)를 개발하고, 그 특성을 분석하였다. 개발된 누전경보차단기는 단상 220 V 전용으로 정격전류는 32 A, 20 A, 20 A(화장실용), 16 A 등이다. JER-E2S는 기존 누전차단기(ELB)의 특성을 모두 만족하고 있으며, 13 ± 2 mA의 저항성누설전류(Igr)인 화재전류가 전선로에 흐르면 실시간 검출하여 LED 램프로 위험 상태를 점멸할 수 있는 제품이다. 개발된 누전경보차단기는 LED 램프 및 통신기기 등에서 필연적으로 발생되는 용량성누설전류(Igc)에 대한 내성이 있어서 안정적인 전기 공급이 가능하다. 또한, 누전경보차단기는 순간지락 정전보호 기능이 있어서 작은 물방울 및 나뭇잎 등의 순간지락에 따른 차단기의 오동작 없이 전원 공급이 가능하다. 그리고 개발된 누전경보차단기의 대기전력은 0.1 W 이하로 기존 ELB에 비해 절전 성능이 3~8배 우수한 특성을 나타냈으며, 일반 120 ㎡의 아파트 1 세대에 10개 정도의 누전경보차단기가 설치되었을 때 1 개월에 2~5 kWh의 전기를 절감할 수 있다. 개발된 누전경보차단기는 기존 누전차단기의 특성을 만족할 뿐만 아니라 전기화재 예방기능 및 오동작 방지기능이 있어서 전원 품질이 우수하고, 전기화재 예방에 혁신적으로 기여할 수 있는 제품이다.

Cardiac Phenotyping of SARS-CoV-2 in British Columbia: A Prospective Echo Study With Strain Imaging

  • Jeffrey Yim;Michael Y.C. Tsang;Anand Venkataraman;Shane Balthazaar;Ken Gin;John Jue;Parvathy Nair;Christina Luong;Darwin F. Yeung;Robb Moss;Sean A Virani;Jane McKay;Margot Williams;Eric C. Sayre;Purang Abolmaesumi;Teresa S.M. Tsang
    • Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging
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    • 제31권3호
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    • pp.125-132
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    • 2023
  • BACKGROUND: There is limited data on the residual echocardiographic findings including strain analysis among post-coronavirus disease (COVID) patients. The aim of our study is to prospectively phenotype post-COVID patients. METHODS: All patients discharged following acute COVID infection were systematically followed in the post-COVID-19 Recovery Clinic at Vancouver General Hospital and St. Paul's Hospital. At 4-18 weeks post diagnosis, patients underwent comprehensive echocardiographic assessment. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was assessed by 3D, 2D Biplane Simpson's, or visual estimate. LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) was measured using a vendor-independent 2D speckle-tracking software (TomTec). RESULTS: A total of 127 patients (53% female, mean age 58 years) were included in our analyses. At baseline, cardiac conditions were present in 58% of the patients (15% coronary artery disease, 4% heart failure, 44% hypertension, 10% atrial fibrillation) while the remainder were free of cardiac conditions. COVID-19 serious complications were present in 79% of the patients (76% pneumonia, 37% intensive care unit admission, 21% intubation, 1% myocarditis). Normal LVEF was seen in 96% of the cohort and 97% had normal right ventricular systolic function. A high proportion (53%) had abnormal LV GLS defined as < 18%. Average LV GLS of septal and inferior segments were lower compared to that of other segments. Among patients without pre-existing cardiac conditions, LVEF was abnormal in only 1.9%, but LV GLS was abnormal in 46% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Most post-COVID patients had normal LVEF at 4-18 weeks post diagnosis, but over half had abnormal LV GLS.

한국 중부 지역의 화강암 열물성 (Thermal Properties of Granite from the Central Part of Korea)

  • 김종찬;이영민;구민호
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제47권4호
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    • pp.441-453
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    • 2014
  • 대륙지각의 대표적인 암석이며 우리나라의 약 25%를 차지하는 쥬라기 화강암을 대상으로 상부지각의 열적 현상을 이해하는데 중요한 정보인 물성과 열물성을 측정하였다. 충남 연기군(2개 시추공, 149개)과 대전시 유성구(1개 시추공, 59개)의 총 3개 시추공으로부터 회수한 206개 화강암의 건조 상태의 열전도도 평균은 2.813 W/mK이고, 공극 보정을 한 평균 열전도도는 2.900 W/mK이다. 공극 내 물의 효과로 인해 공극 보정을 한 열전도도가 높게 나타난다. 건조 상태의 평균 열확산율은 $1.296{\times}10^{-6}m^2/sec$이며, 온도변화에 따른 열확산율 변화는 온도가 증가할수록 열확산율이 낮아지는 경향을 보인다. $200^{\circ}C$에서의 열확산율은 상온 $25^{\circ}C$에서 보다 30% 정도 더 낮게 나타나는 것을 확인하였다. 206개 화강암의 평균 공극은 0.010이며, 건조밀도와 포화밀도는 각각 $2.662g/cm^3$$2.673g/cm^3$이다. 열전도도와 공극의 상관관계로부터 화강암의 열전도도는 공극보다 구성광물에 의한 영향이 더 큰 것을 확인하였다. 열전도도와 열확산율의 상관관계에서는 결정계수가 0.898로 선형관계가 잘 나타나고, 공극과 밀도의 상관관계에서는 ${\rho}=-2.393{\times}{\phi}+2.705$라는 상관식을 산출하였다. XRD 분석과 XRF 분석 결과로부터 석영과 $SiO_2$ 함량이 증가하면 열전도도가 높아지고 조장석과 $Al_2O_3$가 증가하면 열전도도가 낮아지는 경향을 확인하였다. 또한 부피 함량비가 많은 광물과 화학성분을 이용해 회귀 분석을 수행하였다. 석영을 이용한 선형식은 $K=0.0294V_{Quartz}+1.93$으로 산출 되었다. 또한, $SiO_2$를 이용한 선형식은 $K=0.237W_{SiO_2}-14.09$로 산출 되었고, $SiO_2$$Al_2O_3$를 이용한 회귀식은 $K=0.053W_{SiO_2}-0.476W_{Al_2O_3}+6.52$로 산출 되었다. Felsic-marfic index를 이용하여 산출한 비중과 측정된 비중의 평균은 각각 2.645와 2.650이며, 평균 상대오차는 0.667%로 나타났다.

접착제와 와동형성의 차이에 따른 5급 복합레진 수복의 전향적 임상연구 (PROSPECTIVE CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THREE DIFFERENT BONDING SYSTEMS IN CLASS V RESIN RESTORATIONS WITH OR WITHOUT MECHANICAL RETENTION)

  • 이경욱;정세준;한영철;손호현;엄정문;오명환;조병훈
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • 제31권4호
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    • pp.300-311
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    • 2006
  • 본 연구의 목적은 복합레진을 이용한 비우식성 치경부 5급 병소 수복에 있어서, 3가지 다른 접착제를, 유지구를 부여한 치아와 부여하지 않은 치아에 적용하였을 때의 임상적인 효능의 차이를 비교하기 위함이다. 총 150개의 치아를 각각 25개씩 6개의 군으로 나누었다. A군 : Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBMP, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA, 4세대 접착제)를 사용하고 유지구를 부여하지 않음. B군 : SBMP 를 사용하고 유지구를 부여. C군 : BC Plus (Vericom Co., Anyang, Gyeonggido, Korea, 5 세대 접착제)를 사용하고 유지구를 부여하지 않음. D군 : BC Plus를 사용하고 유지구를 부여. E군 : Adper Prompt (3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany, 6 세대 접착제)를 사용하고 유지구를 부여하지 않음. F군 : Adper Prompt를 사용하고 유지구를 부여. 모든 치아는 복합레진인 Denfil (Vericom Co., Anyang, Gyeonggido, Korea) 을 이용하여 충전하였다. 수복 직후와 수복 6 개월 후에 modified USPHS (United States Public Health Service) criteria에 따라 수복물을 임상적으로 평가하였다. 추가적으로 임상사진을 촬영하였으며, 에폭시 레진을 이용하여 복제한 후 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 이를 관찰하였다. 6개월 후 관찰 결과, alpha rating의 수가 각 실험군마다 동일하지는 않았지만, 통계적으로는 3가지의 접착제간에 유의할만한 차이는 없었고, 기계적인 유지구를 부여한 군과 부여하지 않은 군 간에도 유의할만한 차이는 없었다 (p < 0.05). 그러나 6개월의 관찰 기간은 일반적으로 기대되는 레진의 수명보다 짧기 때문에, 각 실험군 간의 차이를 알아보기 위해서는 추후 더 오랜 기간의 관찰이 요구 된다.