• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2013

Objectives: The purpose of this study analyzes the characteristics of safety education in schools, experience of accidents, and safety awareness level of elementary school students. It also presents realistic guidelines for safety education, which can effectively lead to the safety behavior of students. Methods: We carried out questionnaire survey by convenient sampling method to 6th grade students of 3 elementary schools in Gyeonggi-do area that can understand the questionnaire and express their own opinion for safety awareness from February 15, 2013 to February 1, 2013. We used a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed 266 questionnaires except dishonestly answered 34 questionnaires. Results: 1. For accident occurrence by gender, male students was higher than female students. Male students was also higher than female students among students having an accident(${\chi}^2$=5.142, p=0.029). There was statistical significance in accident occurrence by how they go to school. Students going to school on foot have higher accident rate(${\chi}^2$=11.447, p=0.010). 2. In terms of safety awareness level, students having no accident was higher than students having an accident(F=3.828, p=0.005) and students usually keeping safety rules have higher safety awareness(F=14.285, p=0.000). 3. When parents give safety education to their children as often as possible, the safety awareness level of students was high(F=5.257, p=.006). 4. Students having an accident have no safety education experience than students having no accident(p<0.05). They have never had safety education from a health teacher. There was statistical significance(p<0.01). Conclusions: Accordingly, we need to make students have safety attitude to prevent safety accidents. To achieve it, safety awareness has to be inspired. Systematic and various education programs that can give connected education with local community network to the students and parents is required.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.205-208
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• 2014

Here, we reported mass-produced organic nanowires with uniform sizes based on poly(9,9-dioctylflurorene) (PFO), poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT), (regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) which are well known as organic semiconductors for opto/electronics applications, using a melt-assisted wetting method with anodic alumina membrane. The conjugated polymer nanowires showed uniformed diameters (D=250~300 nm) and lengths ($L={\sim}30{\mu}m$) with defect free smooth surface regardless of a kinds of semiconductors. In addition, the nanowires were uniformly deposited onto glass substrates by spray-coating method. Under the UV light irradiation, PFO and F8BT nanowires showed blue and yellow emissions, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.1-17
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• 2009

This study was carried out to classify vegetation structure of the Anseong district in the Deogyusan National Park from May 2007 to September 2008 using the gradient analyses and phytosociological method. The vegetation communities were classified into Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflara, Q. serrata, Fraxinus mandshurica, Betula davurica, B. costata, Pinus densiflora and Abies koreana. Characteristics of the vegetation such as species composition, layer structure, vegetation ratio, and the distribution of individual trees by DBH were significantly different among communities. The order of important value of the forest community with DBH 2cm above plants was Q. mongolica (40.02), C. laxiflora (25.65), Q. serrata (24.68), F. mandshurica (21.66), P. densiflora (19.12), Acer pseudosieboldianum (16.96), C. cordata (11.87), B. davurica (11.66), B. costata (10.90), Styrax obassia (10.90) and A. koreana (10.41). Distribution of DBH P. densiflora had a formality distribution, suggesting a continuous domination of these species over the other species for the time being. In contrast, F. mandshurica appeared limited to the valley of the sheet and a higher frequency of young individuals, suggesting a continuous domination of these species the development of a climax forest terrain. This study showed the correlation between each community and the environment according to DCCA ordination. The A. koreana community predominated on the northern slope of the park in the high elevation habitats which had many O-M. F. mandshurica community predominated in the highest elevation habitats which had many Moisture, EX-Cation and T-N. The P. densiflora community mainly occurred on the southern slope of the park in the low elevation habitats which had few Moisture, O-M and T-N. The Q. serrata community and C. laxifiora community appeared on the park in the middle habitats.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 2005

This study was to investigate knowledge, attitude and the preventive behaviour of noise of workers exposed to harmful noise and to provide primary data for noise-exposed workers' hearing conservation and the prevention of noise induced hearing loss. Method: The subjects were 104 workers who participated voluntarily in the questionnaire. The instrument used in this study was knowledge, attitude and practice on noise-induced hearing loss tool by Rhee & Yi (1996). The data were collected from August to September, 2002 with a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS 10.0 win program for finding frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, and ANOVA. Results: The average age of workers was 35.9 and the current average year of working at the noise place was $5{\sim}$10 years. In the group of previous noise-exposed workers, they showed significant difference in preventive behaviors (t=4.087, p=.048). In the group of current noise-exposed workers, they showed significant difference in recognition and attitude of noise(F=4.707, p=.004). Also, the duration of wearing ear protection equipment(t=2.383, p=.019), the feeling of wearing ear protection equipment(F=3.602, p=.031) and comfortable sense of wearing ear protection (F=3.919, p=.023) was significant in the preventive behaviour of noise. Conclusion: Considering the results above, we can recognize that there are close relations among the knowledge, attitude and the preventive behaviour of noise. Therefore, it is necessary to develop education - programs for noise-exposed workers' better understanding of noise and preventive behaviors

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.559-569
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose was to investigate nurse staffing levels and patient outcomes(nosocomial infection, patient fall, pressure ulcer). Method: The subjects of this study were 305 nurses from 20 general hospitals who worked at 39 medical and surgical wards. Self-reporting questionnaire which was developed by the writer through preceding study was used. In data analysis, SPSS WIN 10.0. program was utilized for descriptive statistics, ANOVA. Result: The mean of patient-to-nurse ration was 5.2:1. 65% among 20 hospitals was over 300 beds, 90 was located in urban area and 55 was private hospitals. Patient-to-nurse ration of hospitals in under 300 beds or rural area or private ownership was lower than hospitals in 300 beds or urban area or public ownership. 89.9 among 39 wards was medical or surgical wards. The mean of length of stay, 8-14 days got a majority and showed higher patient-to-nurse ration. Of the general characteristics, rural was significantly hight to patient fall(F=3.205, p<.05), medical unit was significantly high to patient fall, pressure ulcer(patient fall: F=8.890, p<.001, pressure ulcer: F=3.399, p<.05) and over 15 days was significantly higher than under 14 days of the mean of length of stay. And there was significant relationship between over 6.0:1 and over 4.0:1 to less than 5.0:1(F=4.817,p<.01). Conclusion: This study has shown a relationship between patient-to-nurse ration and patient fall using not objective research tool but self-reporting questionnaire. Therefore further research is needed to study using objective research tool. Based on this study, the effect of nurse staffing levels on patient outcome also has to be studied.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.57-67
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• 2016

Background: Many previous studies recommended the side-lying hip abduction (SHA) exercise for targeting the gluteus medius (Gmed) and gluteus maximus (Gmax) muscle activity while the decreasing tensor fasciae latae (TFL) activation. Mischoice of hip position and angle in SHA may increase the risk of lower extremity injuries and undesirable muscle activation. However, information is limited on the effect of composite hip flexion angles and hip rotation on the gluteal muscle activity during SHA. Objects: This study aimed to compare muscle activity (Gmed, TFL, and Gmax) and activity ratios (Gmed/TFL, Gmax/TFL, and Gmed/Gmax) using surface electromyography (EMG) during SHA exercise at three different hip flexion angles either with or without internal rotation (IR) in subjects with Gmed weakness. We hypothesized that applying hip flexion and IR during SHA would increase gluteal muscle activity and decrease TFL activity. Methods: Muscle activity and activity ratios in 20 volunteers with Gmed weakness during 6 different SHA were investigated with surface EMG. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to determine the statistical significance. Results: Significant differences were found among the six different exercises for Gmed ($F_{2,41}=11.817$, p<.001) and Gmax ($F_{3,52}=5.513$, p=.003) muscle activity, and Gmed/TFL ($F_{3,54}=8.735$, p<.001) and Gmax/TFL ($F_{2,37}=4.019$, p=.028) activity ratios. Conclusion: Applying hip flexion is an effective method for increasing gluteal activity, and it elicits great Gmed/TFL and Gmax/TFL activity ratios during SHA in subjects with Gmed weakness.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2011

To identify unintended vertical gene-transfer rates from the developed transgenic plants, rapid and unequivocal techniques are needed to identify event-specific markers based on flanking sequences around the transgene and to distinguish zygosity such as homo- and hetero-zygosity. To facilitate evaluation of zygosity, a polymerase chain reaction technique was used to analyze a transgenic pepper line B20 (homozygote), P915 wild type (null zygote), and their F1 hybrids, which were used as transgene contaminated plants. First, we sequenced the 3'-flanking region of the T-DNA (1,277 bp) in the transgenic pepper event B20. Based on sequence information for the 3'- and 5'-flanking region of T-DNA provided in a previous study, a primer pair was designed to amplify full length T-DNA in B20. We successfully amplified the full length T-DNA containing 986 bp from the flanking regions of B20. In addition, a 1,040 bp PCR product, which was where the T-DNA was inserted, was amplified from P915. Finally, both full length T-DNA and the 1,040 bp fragment were simultaneously amplified in the F1 hybrids; P915 ${\times}$ B20, Pungchon ${\times}$ B20, Gumtap ${\times}$ B20. In the present study, we were able to identify zygosity among homozygous transgenic event B20, its wild type P915, and hemizygous F1 hybrids. Therefore, this novel zygosity identification technique, which is based on PCR, can be effectively used to examine gene flow for transgenic pepper event B20.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.269-274
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was done to examine the level of performance and predictors influencing health promotion behavior of Korean students in China. Method: The participants were 160 Korean students who have lived in Beijing, China. Data were collected by self reporting questionnaire from september to november, 2001 and t-test, ANOVA, Person's correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression were used to analyze the data. Results: The health promotion behavior score showed a positive correlation with perceived health status(r=.17, p=.025), social support(r=.29, p=.0001), and self-efficacy(r=.41, p=.0001). By use of stepwise multiple regression analysis, it was determined that the main factors influencing health promotion behavior were self-efficacy 17.0%(F=32.56, p=.0001) and social support 2.2%(F=4.11, p=.044). These variables explained 19.2% of the variance in the health promotion behavior scores. Conclusion: Self-efficacy and social support were the main factors influencing health promotion behavior. These findings showed that we need to develop nursing strategies to promote self-efficacy and social support for Korean students in China.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.264-274
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• 2001

About the patients who visited the emergency department of a hospital, investigative study was performed to assess and to classify them with triage tool, and to estimate the characteristics of them. 210 patients older than 15 years were investigated. Among them 11 patients who had responded inappropriately were excluded and remaining 210 patients were chosen as study subjects. Investigation had been performed for 30 days from Jan. 10, 2001 to Feb. 9, 2001. The triage tool was designed through the modification of triage tools developed by Kim and Choi. The data were analyzed with the SPSS program using mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage, ANOVA and Scheffe's test. The results were as follows: 1. Of the characteristics of the study subjects, mean age of patients were 55.76 years and 70-79 years group which included 41 patients(20.6%) were most numerous. 101 (51.8%) patients visited emergency room by 119 emergency service and 91(45.7%) patients walked with assistance. 127 patients were cared in internal medicine department. 2. The distribution of triage scores were from minimum 6 points to maximum 18 points with mean $13.76{\pm}2.58$ points. 3. Triage scores had significant relationship with age(F=13.349,P=0.000), visiting method (F=8.832, P=0.000), walking status(F=28.185, p=0.000), care department(F=2.596, P=0.019), and preexisting disease(F=12.012, P=0.000). 4. After trage there were no urgent patient, 35 emergent patients(17.6%),109 subemergent patients(54.8%), and 55 nonemergent patients (27.6%). The result of emergency care were 80 admission(40.2%), 59 discharge (29.6%), 34 ICU admission(17.1%), 14 transfer to other hospital(7%), 10 operation (5%), and 2 death (2%). 5. About the time required for triage, mean duration to triage were $7.54{\pm}2.28$ mins in emergent patients, mean $7.23{\pm}2.50$ mins in subemergent patients and mean $6.49{\pm}2.19$ mins in nonemergent patients. There were no differences in duration to triage according to the severity of triage. 6. Time required in emergency treatment were mean $116.23{\pm}88.10$ in emergent patients mean $101.61{\pm}73.27$ in subemergent patients and mean $81.56{\pm}61.01$ in nonemergent patients. There were no significant difference among groups. This study depicted that triage scores were below the middle level and there were many geriatric patients in this hospital. Among the characteristics of patients, age, visiting method, walking status, care department, and accompanying disease could be data for triage of emergency patients. With triage score of a patient, the outcome of emergency care of a patient could be anticipated and this could be basal data in determining the priority of emergency nursing.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.16-24
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• 2001

The curing behavior of a phenolic resin (F/p: 1.3, 1.9, 2.5 for resol resin, F/P: 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 for novolac resin) has been studied by FT-IR spectroscopy. In this study is to synthesis of resol and novolac type phenolic resin with different F/P molar ratios and to compare the level of cure at different curing temperature conditions ($130^{\circ}C$, $160^{\circ}C$, $180^{\circ}C$ for resol resin, $160^{\circ}C$, $170^{\circ}C$, $180^{\circ}C$ for novolac resin) for 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, and 60 (min.), respectively. The conversion (${\alpha}$) was determined by the ratio of the peak area with time to the peak area of non-baked phenolic QH ($3300cm^{-1}$) at spectra. It is concluded that the initial curing rate of resol and novolac resin was increased as the molar ratio of formaldehyde/phenol increased and as the curing temperature of resin increased. According to the analysis was by the homogenous first-order model, the initial curing rate of resol and novolac resin was increased as the molar ratio of formaIdehyde/phenol increased at specific curing temperature.