• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.527-531
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• 2017

We aim to prove a known summation formula for the series $_4F_3(1)$ by mainly using a similar method as in [2], which is different from that in [3]. The method of proof here as well as that in [2] is potentially useful in getting some other summation formulas for $_pF_q$.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.251-261
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• 2004

Purpose: To investigate the degree and sources of stress which fathers of infants in NICU experience. Method: Eighty-five fathers of NICU infants at 5 university hospitals in Seoul volunteered to complete the Parental Stressor Scale for NICU (PSS: NICU) from September 1, to October 15, 2002. Result: Total perceived stress was 3.50±0.76. The highest score were in Parental Role Alteration (3.76±0.83) and Appearance and Behavior (3.65±1.04). The total perceived stress score (PSS), correlated significantly with method (t=3.50, p=.01), and route (F=5.30, p=.00) of feeding. Light & Sound correlated significantly with birth weight (F=3.39, p=.02), medical diagnosis(F=2.30, p=.03), plan of operation(t=2.50, p=.01), operation (t=3.80, p=.02), method (F=4.90, p=.003), and route (F=4.70, p=.00) of feeding. Infant Appearance and Behavior correlated significantly with birth weight (F=5.12, p=.01), plan of operation (t=2.50, p=.01), method (F=3.50, p=.01), and route (F=7.80, p=.00) of feeding. Parental Role Alteration correlated significantly with care of incubator (t=-.68, p=.03), method of feeding (F=2.80, p=.04) and education level of father (F=3.00, p=.05). Conclusion: Father with NICU infants were concerned mostly with parental role alteration and infant appearance. Nursing intervention should include fathers of NICU infants.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.253-262
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• 2016

본 논문은 경제급전 최적화 문제에 균형-교환 방법을 제안하였다. 제안된 알고리즘은 모든 발전기를 가능한한 밸브지점으로 운영한다고 가정한다. 초기치로 최대 발전량 $P_i{\leftarrow}P_i^{max}$로 설정하고, 각 발전기의 밸브지점 $v_k$까지 발전량을 감소시켰을 때의 평균 발전단가 $c_i=\frac{F(P_i)-F(P_{iv_k})}{(P_i-P_{iv_k})}$가 최대가 되는 $_{max}c_i$ 발전기 i의 발전량을 밸브지점 발전단가 $P_{iv_k}$로 감소시켰으며, ${\Sigma}P_i-P_d$ > 0이면 $c_i=F(P_i)-F(p_i-1)$의 $_{max}c_i$ 발전기 발전량을 $P_i{\leftarrow}P_i-1$로 감소시켜 ${\Sigma}P_i=P_d$의 균형을 맞추었다. 다음으로, $_{min}\{_{max}(P_i-P_i^{min}),\;_{max}(P_i^{max}-P_i)\}$>${\alpha}{\geq}10$의 범위에 대해 "-10" 간격으로 감소시키는 성인걸음법으로, 10>${\alpha}{\geq}1$ 범위에 대해서는 "-1"의 아기걸음법으로, $P_i=P_i{\pm}{\alpha}$에 대한 $_{max}[F(P_i)-F(P_i-{\alpha})]$>$_{min}[F(P_j+{\alpha})-F(P_j)]$, $i{\neq}j$이면 $P_i=P_i-{\alpha}$, $P_j=P_j+{\alpha}$로 발전량을 교환하는 방법으로 최적화를 수행하였다. 다음으로 ${\alpha}=\text{0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001$에 대해 미세한 교환을 수행하였다. 동적 경제급전 문제의 시험 사례에 제안된 알고리즘을 적용한 결과 기존의 휴리스틱 알고리즘 최적화 발전비용을 크게 감소시켜 경제적인 이익을 극대화 시켰다.

• 대한전기학회논문지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1996

Recently, much attention has been paid to problems which is concerned with voltage instability phenomena and much works on these phenomena have been made. In this paper, by substituting d $P_{k}$ d $e_{k}$ ( $v^{\rarw}$= e +j f) for $P_{k}$ in conventional load flow, direct method for finging the limit of voltage stability is proposed. Here, by using the fact that taylor se- ries expansion in .DELTA. $P_{k}$ and .DELTA. $Q_{k}$ is terminated at the second-order terms, constraint equation (d $P_{k}$ d $e_{k}$ =0) and power flow equations are formulated with new variables .DSLTA. e and .DELTA.f, so partial differentiations for constraint equation are precisely calculated. The fact that iteratively calculated equations are reformulated with new variables .DELTA.e and .DELTA.f means that limit of voltage stability can be traced precisely through recalculation of jacobian matrix at e+.DELTA.e and f+.DELTA.f state. Then, during iterative process divergence may be avoid. Also, as elements of Hessian mat rix are constant, its computations are required only once during iterative process. Results of application of the proposed method to sample systems are presented. (author). 13 refs., 11 figs., 4 tab.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.320-332
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to examine premenstrual symptoms (PMS) according to physical activity of high school girls. Method: Data were collected from 323 high school girls using structured questionnaires, Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, and AVOVA. Results: The mean score of PMS was low (2.200.81). Among the subcategories, negative feeling (2.491.26) was the highest. Physical activity levels were coded as inactive, minimal activity and health enhancing physical activity, among which minimal activity (53.0%) was the highest. Significant differences in PMS were observed according to subjective health condition (F=10.83, p<.001), alcohol intake (t=-1.99, p=.048), caffeine intake (F=3.04, p=.029), dietary habit (F=4.78, p=.009), amount of menstruation (F=4.57, p=.011), discomfort in daily life (F=28.94, p<.001), degree of menstrual pain (F=41.23, p<.001), method of menstrual pain relief (F=4.29, p=.015), and family history (F=11.45, p<.001). Significant difference in PMS was observed according to the physical activity level (F=3.12, p=.046), and health enhancing physical activity (2.540.87) was the highest. Conclusion: These findings suggest that PMS intervention programs would be considered factors related to PMS. Conduct of further studies is recommended for evaluation of the relationship between physical activity and PMS.

• 호스피스학술지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.22-32
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• 2005

Purpose : The purpose of this study were to identify the relationship of depression and pain in patients with breast cancer. Method : The data was collected from 117 breast cancer patients who were admitted at K University hospital in Busan, from January 4, to January 31, 2003 using questionnaire method. Their depression was measured using depression scale developed by Zung(1965) and translated by Song(1977) and pain was measured using the Revised Melzack Pain Scale developed by Melzack(1975). The data were analysed by the SPSS WIN 11.0 PC program using frequency and percentage, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Result : The results of this study were as follows: The mean and standard deviation of the total depression score were 48±7.89 in 20(lowest)-to-80(highest) scoring system. The analysis of the depression according to general characteristics of the breast cancer patients showed correlation at Age(F=5.81, p=.000), Education level (F=7.48, p=.000), Insurance for cancer(t=6.94, p=.010), Period after Dx(F=6.85, p=.001), Duration of pain experience(F=9.74, p=.000), Surgical method(F=3.87, p=.005), Stage(F=10.31, p=.000), and Lesion site(F=20.63, p=.000). The mean and standard deviation of the total pain score were .48± .40 in 0(lowest)-to-4(highest) scoring system. The analysis of the pain according to general characteristics of the breast cancer patients showed differentiation at Education level(F=3.75, p=.007), Income per mouth(F=3.77, p=.010), Period after Dx(F=3.77, p=.002), Duration of pain experience(F=5.48, p=.000), Stage(F=10.39, p=.000), and Lesion site(F=8.10, p=.000). There was a significant positive correlation between depression and pain(r=.37, p=.000) and between depression and discomfort(r=.37, p=.000). Conclusion : Patients with breast cancer experiencing depression and pain. Increase in depression was associated with increase in pain and discomfort. Nurses must provide patients with nursing care about the occurrence of depression and interventions to deal with pain control and prevent discomfort.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.26-39
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• 2003

The elderly can experience a lot of stressful events and the stress acts as a various fluent that affects a well-being level, the self-contentment of lives, and the achievements by themselves. Also, the elderly are different from the young in many unexpressed stress and have diverse copings for perceived stress. Moreover, they mainly seem to use a problem-focused coping and an emotion-focused coping. To use whatever copings is to improve the quality of life in the old period and very important fact to achieve their ends. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Perceived Stress and the Ways of Coping in the Elderly and to gain the baseline data for development of nursing intervention program for improve to the quality of life in the elderly. The design of this study was a correlational study. The subjects of this study consisted of 230 of the elderly living in Pusan. The data was collected from 1st July. to 1st September, 2002. The instruments used for this study were 'Perceived Stress Scale(20items, 5point. scale)' developed by Kang In(1990) and translated by Lee young-ja(1999), and its reliability is Cronbach's ${\alpha}=.89$. 'Coping Scale(30items, 4point. scale, 14 items about a problem-focused coping, 16 items about an emotion-focused coping, 4 points scale) developed by Lazarus & Folkman(1984) and translated by Yang Young-hee(1998). The reliability of this study is Cronbach's ${\alpha}=.90$. The data was analyzed by the SPSS WIN 10.0 program using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA & Scheffe test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results of this study were as follows; 1. The mean score of perceived stress was $31.75{\pm}10.23$(Min 20, Max 100), which the item mean score was $1.59{\pm}.51$(Min 1, Max 5). 2. The number of subjects in a problem-focused coping was 72(31.3%), the number of subjects in an emotion-focused coping was 158(68.7%) 3. There were statistically significant positive correlation between perceived stress and problem-focused coping method and the more emotion-focoused coping method.(r=.180, r= .209, P< .05). It means the more stress, the more problem-focused coping method and the more emotion-focused coping method. 4. There was significant difference the score of perceived stress according to sex (F=-5.057, P=.000)marital status, (F=-2.909, P=.004), economic level, (F=10.243, P=.000), paticipated meeting, (F=9.346, P=.000), perceived health status(F=5.117, P=.007). 5. There was significant difference the score of problem-focused coping method according to age(F=14.200, P=.000), marital status (F=2.432, P=.0160), economic level (F=14.410, P=.000), monthly income, (F=8.300. P=.000), income resource (F=10.235, P=.000), educational level (F=15.222, P=.000), occupation (F=1.544, P=.041), paticipated meeting (F=4.936, P=.008), perceived health status(F=5.655, P=.004). And there was significant difference the score of emotion-focused coping method according to monthly income(F=4.781, P=.009), income resource(F=2.930, P=.035), educational level(F=6.101, P=.003), religionF=2.698, P=.032), paticipated meetings(F=7.285, P=.001). As a result of the study, the elderly had a bit less stress and the two-thirds of the elderly used the emotion-focused coping. Thus, the more perceived stress, the more problem-focused coping method and the more emotion-focused coping method. Accordingly, to improve the quality of life of the elderly, there needs and applies a nursing intervention program that relieves the stress and use effective coping method.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.42-45
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• 2016

$^{18}F-Florbetaben$은 베타아밀로이드 병리를 확인하여 인지 장애 및 의심 환자에게 보조적 진단으로 사용되고 있다. 지질 친화성의 특성과 에탄올이 첨가된 약제의 특성상 주사 후 3-way Set에 잔량과 주사 시 환자의 통증이 관심의 대상이 된다. 본 연구는 효과적인 방사성의약품의 주사와 환자 케어 및 우수한 영상을 위함이다. 내원환자 70명을 대상으로 하였고, 환자들에게 평균 $259{\pm}74MBq$의 $^{18}F-FDG$ (20명), $^{18}F-FP-CIT$ (20명), $^{18}F-Florbetaben$ (30명)을 3-way Set으로 주사(Reflusing 2회, Reflusing 3회 이상)를 하여 주사 후 잔량을 측정하였고, $^{18}F-Florbetaben$ 주사 시 사용되는 3-way Set와 Heparin Cap의 효율적인 주사방법을 알아보기 위해서 주사 후 잔량을 측정하여 SPSS 12.0 ANOVA, t-test 통계분석을 통하여 잔량을 비교분석 하였다. 그리고 $^{18}F-Florbetaben$의 통증 유발 성분의 에탄올 양을 측정하기 위하여 Gas Chromatography로 추가 분석을 실시해보았다. Reflusing 2회 시 $^{18}F-FDG$: 1.48 MBq (0.04 mCi), $^{18}F-FP-CIT$: 7.4 MBq (0.2 mCi), $^{18}F-Florbetaben$: 32.6 MBq (0.88 mCi)의 잔량이 측정 되었고 Reflusing 3회 이상 시 $^{18}F-FDG$: 1.85 MBq (0.05 mCi), $^{18}F-FP-CIT$: 3.7 MBq (0.10 mCi), $^{18}F-Florbetaben$: 36.3 MBq(0.98 mCi)의 잔량이 측정 되었다. 다중 비교결과 Reflusing 2회 시 잔량이 유의미한 차이가 있었고(P < 0.05), 3회 이상 시 $^{18}F-Florbetaben$과 $^{18}F-FDG$, $^{18}F-FP-CIT$는 잔량의 유의미한 차이가 있었으며(P < 0.05), $^{18}F-FDG$와 $^{18}F-FP-CIT$는 유의미한 차이가 없었다(P > 0.05). $^{18}F-Florbetaben$ 주사 후 잔량은 3-way Set: 32.6 MBq (0.88 mCi), 36.3 MBq (0.98 mCi)였고 Heparin Cap: 7.03 MBq (0.19 mCi)으로 유의미한 차이가 있었다(P < 0.05). Gas Chromatography 분석결과 에탄올: 207665 ppm, 아세톤: 377.4 ppm으로 나타났다. $^{18}F-Florbetaben$은 $^{18}F-FDG$와 $^{18}F-FP-CIT$에 비해 주사 후 잔량이 많았고, 통증을 유발하는 에탄올 성분의 수치가 높게 나타났다. 주사 시 3-way Set 방식보다는 Heparin Cap을 사용함이 잔량 감소에 더 효과적이었다. 그리고 주사 시 환자의 통증 완화를 위해서 천천히 주사함을 권고한다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.55-69
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• 2009

A quasi ideal importance sampling simulation method combined in the conditional expectation is proposed for the structural reliability estimation. The quasi ideal importance sampling joint probability density function (p.d.f.) is so composed on the basis of the ideal importance sampling concept as to be proportional to the conditional failure probability multiplied by the p.d.f. of the sampling variables. The respective marginal p.d.f.s of the ideal importance sampling joint p.d.f. are determined numerically by the simulations and partly by the piecewise integrations. The quasi ideal importance sampling simulations combined in the conditional expectation are executed to estimate the failure probabilities of structures with multiple failure surfaces and it is shown that the proposed method gives accurate estimations efficiently.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was to explore the cognitive function of Korean-Chinese stroke patient in China. Method: The study sample was 100 who were possible to communicate and agreed. The data were collected from one Brain's hospital at Yanji in China and by trained nurse from December 12, 2005 to April 28, 2006. The measurement tools were Digit span, Trail making, and MMSE-K. The data were analysed by SPSS Win 11.5 using frequency, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficients. Results: The mean score of DSF was 5.07, 3.42 of DSB, 161.37 of TMA, 229.28 of TMB, 22.64 of MMSE-K. There was a significant difference in DSF (F=6.35, p=.001), DSB (F=6.10, p=.001), TMA (F=3.53, p=.018), TMB (F=3.26, p=.025), MMSE-K score (F=12.97, p=.000) according to age, and DSF (F=6.67, p=.000), DSB (F=6.01, p=.000), TMA (F=5.82, p=.001), TMB (F=6.23, p=.001), and MMSE-K score (F=13.02, p=.000) according to educational level, and DSF (F=5.35, p=.006), DSB (F=3.16, p=.047), TMA (F=3.30, p=.041), TMB (F=3.42, p=.037), and MMSE-K score (F=4.95, p=.009) according to duration of disease, and DSB (F=3.54, p=.018), and MMSE-K (F=6.05, p=.001) according to frequencies of hospitalization. There was high correlation between DSF and DSB (r=.581, p=.000), TMA and TMB (r=.936, p=.000), MMSE-K and DSF (r=.579, p=.000), MMSE-K and DSB (r=.591, p=.000), DSF and TMA (r=.727, p=.000), and DSF and TMB (r=.721, p=.000). Conclusion: The cognitive evaluation score of Korean-Chinese stroke patients in China was in normal limit. The age, educational level, duration of disease and income were significant demographic characteristic affecting cognitive function. Further study need to compare the cognitive function of Korean-Chinese stoke patients in China and stoke patients in Korea.