• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 2018

Laguna Lake is the largest inland fresh water body in the Philippines. It primarily serves as a site for aquaculture, hydropower, transportation, and water supply industries. Due to Laguna Lake's diverse functionalities, competition among water users became prominent. Water quality began to deteriorate due to various pollutant contributions in this process, thereby affecting the soundness of the aquatic ecosystem. This study was conducted to evaluate the current water quality management policy from the viewpoint of ecological environment through the evaluation of the water quality of Laguna Lake. Concentrations of water pollutants such as ammonia ($NH_3$), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chloride ($Cl^-$), pH, and total suspended solids (TSS) exceeded the water quality standards of the Philippines' Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). The water quality of the lake was also affected by the pollutant load due to agriculture and urban stormwater runoff in the watershed. The salinity and contaminated water from Pasig River also affected the water quality of Laguna Lake. Long-term water quality analysis showed that the water quality of Laguna Lake is also influenced by rainfall-related seasonal variations. The results of the water quality analysis of Laguna Lake indicated that the environmental management techniques of the Philippines should be changed from the conventional water management into an integrated watershed management scheme in the future. It is therefore necessary to study and introduce advanced watershed management measures in the Philippines based from the policies of other developed countries.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.719-725
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• 2009

Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs) are potent mutagens and possible human carcinogens that are formed during the heating of protein-rich foods. The effects of preheating treatment of beef patties using a microwave prior to frying at $220^{\circ}C$ for 10 min on each side on the reduction of HCAs (amino-carbolines and amino-imidazo-azaarenes) were evaluated. The amount of HCAs was then evaluated by solid-phase extraction and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The beef patties were treated by microwaving for various times (0, 1, 1.5, 2, or 3 min) before pan-frying. The results revealed the presence of 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2), 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido-[4,3-b] indole (Trp-P-1), 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-1), 2-aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-2), 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (Norharman), 1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (Harman), 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b] indole ($A{\alpha}C$), 2-amino-3,8 dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]-quinoxaline (MeIQx) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]-pyridine (PhIP) in all samples. However, microwave pretreatment for 1 min inhibited the formation of these HCAs by up to 90% when compared to the control.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.940-944
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• 2006

The propose of this study was to evaluate the microbiological hazards of the customers' hands in university foodservice operation. A total of 190 customers' hands were sampled to test about aerobie plate counts, coliforms, E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The average number of aerobic plate counts was 3.11 log CFU/hand Ifrom 0.70 to 6.47 log CFU/hand) and that of coliform counts was 1.06 log CFU/hand (from not detected to 5.04 log CFU/hand). The mean level of aerobic plate counts (t=9.87, p<0.001) and coliforms (t=7.91, p<0.05) was significantly different by gender. E. coli was not detected, but Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 39 (20.5%) of 190 samples. The average of hand-washing frequency was 6.46 time per day. By the hand-washing frequency, the mean level of aerobic plate counts was significantly different (F=527, p<0.001), but coliforms was not significantly different. This study shows that it is needs to be given attention to hygiene handlers but also for customers in foodservice operations.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.377-384
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• 2012

This study was carried out to evaluate effect of temperature condition on nitrogen mineralization of organic matter, distribution of microbial group by PLFA profiles, and soil microbial community in non-volcanic ash soil. Dried soil 30 g mixed well each 2 g of pellet (OFPE) organic fertilizers, pig manure compost (PMC), and food waste compost (FWC). And then had incubated at $10^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. Nitrogen mineralization rate increased with increasing temperature and that was in the order of FWC>OFPE>PMC. Distribution ratio of microbial group by PLFA profiles showed that was different significantly according to incubation temperature and the type of organic matter. As incubating time passed, density of microbial group decreased gradually. The Gram-bacteria PLFA/Gram+ bacteria PLFA, Fungi PLFA/Bacteria PLFA, and Unsaturated PLFA/saturated PLFA ratios were decreased according to the increasing temperature gradually. Principal component analysis using PLFA profiles showed that microbial community structures were composed differently by temperature factor at both 75 days ($10^{\circ}C$) and 270 days ($30^{\circ}C$). In conclusion, Soil microbial community structure showed relative sensitivity and seasonal changes as affected by temperature and organic matter type.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.202-207
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• 2014

Lonicera insularis Nakai (Caprifoliaceae) is Korean endemic plant that lives along the shore of Ulleungdo and Dokdo. The aim of this study is to construct a phylogenetic relationship within six species (L.maackii, L.chrysantha, L.subsessilis, L. harai, L. morrowii) of genus Lonicera L. and Wigela subsessilis as outgroup and intraspecific variation of L. insularis using chloroplast DNA five regions sequences. Sequence analysis revealed that both L. insularis and L. morrowii showed complete homologies in the intergenic regions of trnL-trnF, trnS-trnG, psbM-trnD and matK coding region. However, sequence in the petN-psbM intergenic region showed a single nucleotide difference between both species, thus we designated them as CP01 and CP02. The plants having CP01 are prevalent in the Ulleungdo and Dokdo, while L. insularis and L. morrowii from Ulleungdo and of Dokdo, and Japan have CP02. This confirmed the existence of two cp DNA lineages with different geographical distributions. We can infer the allopatric speciation by geographical barrier. The result will provide the important basal data to study speciation and specie evolution of ocean islands such as Ulleungdo and Dokdo.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.203-209
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• 2007

In order to promote utilization of the Yangha (Zinger mioga Rosc.) as functional food and natural spices, and 95.93%, from the dried one 7.63%, and from powder 9.81%, respectively. Crude protein content from the Yangha powder was 11.21%, and contents of crude fat, crude ash and crude fiber were 2.44%,10.78%, and 14.47%, respectively. Most of compositions from Yangha powder were higher than those from raw and the dried one, except fer water content. Antioxidative effect was investigated through Rancimat and DPPH methods. Oxidative stability of Yangha powder was the highest of4.21Al. Furthermore, the free radical scavenging activity of Yangha powder (76.61%) was higher than that of raw (49.35%) or the dried one (61.78%). Volatile flavor compounds of Yangha was extracted by steam distillation and extraction method. The extracts were analyzed and identified by gas chromatography and GC-MS spectrometry. One hundred twenty two volatile flavor components were identified, and the major component was terpene compounds including ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene, 1,4-terpineol, and ${\beta}$-terpinene.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 1992

Annual biomasses of small yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena polyactis, were estimated by biomass-based cohort analysis (Zhang, 1987) , using data on annual catch in weight at age for 1970-88 in Korean waters. Annual biomass of croaker was highest in 1974 with about 100,000 mt, declining to a level of 20,000-30,000 mt after 1981. Adult biomass also showed a peak in 1974 with about 50,000 mt. Afterwards, however, it continuously dropped. According to the estimates of biomass at age obtained from this analysis, the age composition of small yellow croaker in the 1980's differed greatly from that in the 1970's. The proportions of older croakers (>5 years) were very low in the 1980's and even the biomasses of young croakers (1-4 years) were at a very low level in the 1980's. Year classes of 1968, 1972 and 1978 appeared to be relatively dominant. The mean value of instantaneous fishing mortality (F) in the 1980's was twice that of the 1970's. Recruitment of croaker exhibited an unusally linear relationship with adult stock biomass.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.273-281
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• 1999

Purpose: We investigated whether myocardial SPECT had additional usefulness to clinical, functional or surgical indices for the preoperative evaluation of cardiac risks in noncardiac surgery. Materials and Methods: 118 patients (M: F=66: 52, $62.7{\pm}10.5$ years) were studied retrospectively. Eighteen underwent vascular surgeries and 100 nonvascular surgeries. Rest T1-20l/ stress Tc-99m-MIBI SPECT was performed before operation and cardiac events (hard event: cardiac death and myocardial infarction; soft event: ischemic ECG change, congestive heart failure and unstable angina) were surveyed through perioperative periods ($14.6{\pm}5.6$ days). Clinical risk indices, functional capacity, surgery procedures and SPECT findings were tested for their predictive values of perioperative cardiac events. Results: Perioperative cardiac events occurred in 25 patients (3 hard events and 22 soft events). Clinical risk indices, surgical procedure risks and SPECT findings but functional capacity were predictive of cardiac events. Reversible perfusion decrease was a better predictor than persistent decrease, Multivariate analysis sorted out surgical procedure risk (p=0.0018) and SPECT findings (p=0.0001) as significant risk factors. SPECT could re-stratify perioperative cardiac risks in patients ranked with surgical procedures. Conclusion : We conclude that myocardial SPECT provides additional predictive value to surgical type risks as well as clinical indexes or functional capacity for the prediction of preoperative cardiac events in noncardiac surgery.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.186-195
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• 2018

Purpose: We performed quantitative and qualitative analysis of typical periodontal bacteria using real time PCR method to investigate the microbiological difference according to the severity of peri-implant disease in Koreans. Materials and Methods: Total of 60 implants were divided into three groups (healthy group, peri-implant mucositis group, peri-implantitis group) through periapical radiographs and clinical indices. The evaluated clinical parameters were pocket depth, plaque index, suppuration and bleeding on probing. Using a sterilized curette instrument, microbial samples were collected from the subgingival plaque and real-time PCR was performed on five periodontal bacteria. The relative expression levels of microorganisms were compared by comparative delta-CT method. Results: The relative expression levels of E. corrodens and T. denticola were significantly higher in the peri-implantitis group (P < 0.017). On the other hand, the relative expression level of F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis was relatively high in the healthy implant group regardless of the severity of disease. P. intermedia was significantly lower in the healthy implant group (P < 0.017). Conclusion: Periodontal bacteria were detected in Koreans with peri-implant diseases, but there was no microbiological distribution similar to periodontitis.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.346-352
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• 2017

In this study, we analyzed environmental factors including annual fruit growth and meteorological conditions in Suwon area from 2000 to 2014 to develop and verify a fruit width prediction model in 'Fuji' apple. The 15-year average of full bloom data was April 28 and that of fruit development period was 181 days. The fruit growth until 36 days after full bloom followed single sigmoid curve. The environmental factors affecting fruit width were BIO2, precipitation in September, the average of daily maximum and minimum temperature in April, minimum temperature in August, and growing degree days (GDD) in April. Among them, the model was constructed by combining BIO2 and precipitation in September, which are not cross-correlated with each other or, with other factors. And then, the final model was selected as 19.33095 + (5.76242 ${\times}$ BIO2) - (0.01891 ${\times}$ September precipitation) + (2.63046 ${\times}$ minimum temperature in April) which was the most suitable model with AICc of 92.61 and the adjusted $R^2$ value of 0.53. The model was compared with the observed values f rom 2000 to 2014. As a result, the mean difference between the measured and predicted values of 'Fuji' apple fruit width was ${\pm}2.9mm$ and the standard deviation was 3.54.