• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.83-87
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to examine the changes in carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) concentration due to application of solid $CO_2$ generator (Tansansol) in plastic greenhouses during winter cultivation of Korean melon. The experimental treatments consisted of four levels, namely, 0 (control) 10, 20 and 30bags with solid $CO_2$ generator per $600m^2$ of plastic greenhouse. $CO_2$ concentration in plots with solid gas generators was higher by 3.0-3.2% compared to control. Fruit weight, sugar content and color parameter were also enhanced due to application of solid $CO_2$ generator. The fraction of fermentated and unmarketable fruits were decreased by 2.9-3.9% and 5.4-7.3%, respectively, in plots where solid $CO_2$ generators were applied. The marketable yield increased by 10.3, 14.8 and 16.2% in plots with 10, 20 and 30bags with $CO_2$ generators, respectively. As a result, $CO_2$ concentration within the greenhouses was increased by applying $CO_2$ generators and it is positively affected the rate of photosynthesis.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.602-611
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• 2015

Aronia melanocarpa (Rosaceae family), black chokeberry, has significantly higher anthocyanin, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity than other berries. The aim of this study is to characterize the content of aronia makgeolli prepared with the additive method such as fresh-type and crushed-type and to investigate the effect of aronia on the quality of makgeolli at $25^{\circ}C$ for 8 days. The changes in pH, total acidity, ethanol content, color, antioxidant activity, total polyphenol content, and sensory testing were determined. The pH values were 3.9~4.2 in fresh aronia makgeolli (the fresh group), and 3.6~3.9 in crushed aronia makgeolli (the crushed group). The total acidity of all samples gradually increased during the fermentation period. The ethanol content was 10~15% after the second stage of fermentation, and was reduced followed by an increase in the addition rate of aronia, showing the lowest values in 50% crushed aronia makgeolli. As the aronia content increased, both the antioxidant activity and the total polyphenol content significantly increased. In the fresh group, low values were seen in early fermentation, which significantly increased according to the progress of fermentation, while the crushed group showed high values for 6 days. In the sensory evaluation, the color, flavor, bitterness, and overall acceptance of the makgeolli with 30% fresh aronia showed higher values than the control and other samples. In conclusion, the present study suggests that fresh aronia without undergoing the breaking process is a more suitable additive method than the crushed type for antioxidant activity and palatability of aronia makgeolli.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.54-62
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• 2004

The selective toxicity of spirodiclofen and fluacrypyrim+tetradifon to the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis and the tea red spider mite, Tetranychus kanzawai was evaluated. The bean leaf discs with adult females or eggs of both species were sprayed with several concentrations of spirodiclofen or fluacrypyrim+tetradifon. Spirodiclofen and fluacrypyrim+tetradifon were much less toxic to P. persimilis than to T. kanzawai. Although the survival rate of adult females of P. persimilis tended to decrease with increasing concentrations of spirodiclofen, 92-68% of predators survived at concentrations of 22.5-180 ppm. Likewise, reproduction was reduced with increasing spirodiclofen concentration. Spirodiclofen did not affect the hatch of P. persimilis eggs. Survival of immature predators decreased with increasing spirodiclofen concentration, however, 88-20% of immature predators reached adulthood at 22.5-90 ppm. In the case of fluacrypyrim+tetradifon, the survival rate of adult females of P. persimilis tended to decrease with increasing concentrations of fluacrypyrim+tetradifon. However, 94-72% of predators remained alive at concentrations of 22.5-180 ppm. Likewise, reproduction was reduced with increasing fluacrypyrim+tetradifon concentration. Fluracypyrim+tetradifon did not affect the hatch of P. persimilis eggs. Survival of immature predators decreased with increasing fluacrypyrim+tetradifon concentration, however, 100-86% of immature predators reached adulthood at 22.5-180 ppm. Based on the results, spirodiclofen and fluacrypyrim+tetradifon appeared to be promising candidates for use in integrated mite management programs where P. persimilis is the major natural enemy.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2010

This study was conducted to clarify effects on the germination, survival rate of seedlings, growth and variation induction of variants in gamma rays irradiated seed of lilac pink (Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus) and nursery spiraea (Caryopteris incana). Seed germination and its germination rate were delayed over 90 Gy for lilac pink and 80 Gy for nursery psiraea. Fifty percent lethal time (LT50) level for lilac pink and nursery psiraea were 150 Gy and 100 Gy, respectively. Lilac pink and nursery psiraea were grown dwarf over 120 Gy treatment. We have produced 17 variants of lilac pink in $M_1$ generation, and selected the promising 4 variants in $M_2$ generation. We have also made 7 variants of nursery psiraea in $M_1$ generation, and selected the favorable 8 variants in $M_2$ generation.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.79-90
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• 2021

In domestic public construction, disputes are increasing due to differences among stakeholders regarding contract price adjustment. In particular, the actual cost-plus fee for overhead costs due to the schedule extension cannot be agreed upon at the administrative phase, and most of them seek judicial judgment. Thus, this study aims to propose a 'sufficiently satisfactory' alternative to reach an agreement before disputes in order to minimize disputes related to the calculation of additional overhead costs. To this end, this study proposes three alternatives based on the rate method. Firstly, when calculating additional overhead costs, it is not calculated as an actual cost-plus-fee method, but as a rate compared to direct labor costs among net direct costs. Secondly, the calculated indirect labor costs are compensated for up to the legal maximum of legal limit costs such as general management costs, profits and so on. Thirdly, it reflects overhead costs increased or decreased due to change orders. Risks were analyzed by collecting expert opinions on the proposed methods and applying actual cases. Finally, as a result of investigating the level of consensus for each stakeholder, it was confirmed that all stakeholders could agree regardless of the size of the company. The result of this study is expected to as a useful tool among stakeholders in the construction fields that can be able to easily agreed upon.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.193-203
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between rice yield and climate elements in Daegu (southern plain area) and Andong (inland mountainous area) regions. Over the past 20 years, rice yield has increased in both regions. The rice yield of middle and mid-late maturing cultivars in the recent 5 years increased by about 10% and 18%, respectively, compared to that produced in the early 2000s in the Daegu region. In the Andong region, the rice yield of mid-late maturing rice cultivars in the recent 5 years was higher by about 7% than that of the early 2000s. The number of panicles per hill and grain ripening rate significantly affected rice yield in mid-late maturing cultivars. In addition, the grain weight and grain ripening rate significantly affected rice production in middle maturing cultivars grown in the Daegu region. With regard to the middle maturing cultivars, the relationship between grain weight and rice yield had a positive significant correlation in both regions. To understand the effect of climate factors on rice yield, the milled rice yield of several rice cultivars produced over the past 20 years (1999-2018) at both locations, Daegu and Andong, were evaluated. The rice yields increased owing to long sunshine duration during the grain filling stage in the Daegu region. In Andong, rising maximum temperature during the vegetative stage increased rice yield of early and mid-late maturing cultivars. Long sunshine hours increased yield of mid-late maturing cultivars in both regions.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.133-141
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• 2015

This study tried to identify the problems associated with the posture to be analyzed and tried to suggest guidelines for MSDs(Musculoskeletal Disorders) evaluation based on working posture. A total of 50 jobs from 3 different types of industries(electronics, hospitals, automobiles) were used for MSDs evaluation study which was done by 6 observers. Two indexes were applied to identify the problem in this study which were percentage of agreement and counter-time-error rate. Specifically, 'counter-time-error rate' represented a degree of consistency in terms of selecting the posture to be analyzed time after time. Main results of the study were as follows; 1) The average percentage of agreement for representative posture for whole body was relatively higher than that for representative postures for individual body parts, 2) The counter-time-error rate(%) has been reduced as the evaluation process has repeated for the same job. 3) The counter-time-error rate(%) for electronics, hospitals, and automobiles were 63.4%, 61.2%, and 67.3% respectively. 4) The counter-time-error rate(%) for the job with the work cycle of 0.5 to 2 minutes were lower than that of the jobs with the work cycles less than 0.5 minute or greater than 2 minute. 5) The work cycles and the number of trials had significant effects on counter-time-error rate while the types of industries did not have significant effects on counter-time-error rate. Some guidelines could be prepared from the results of the study. Probably, there should have an extension in terms of form and matter for this study in order to have more practical output.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.290-296
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• 2016

Purpose: Radiotherapy (RT) is considered a mainstay of treatment in parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma (PM-RMS). We aim to determine the treatment outcomes and prognostic factors for PM-RMS patients who treated with RT. In addition, we tried to evaluate the adequate dose and timing of RT. Materials and Methods: Twenty-two patients with PM-RMS from 1995 to 2013 were evaluated. Seven patients had intracranial extension (ICE) and 17 patients had skull base bony erosion (SBBE). Five patients showed distant metastases at the time of diagnosis. All patients underwent chemotherapy and RT. The median radiation dose was 50.4 Gy (range, 40.0 to 56.0 Gy). Results: The median follow-up was 28.7 months. Twelve patients (54.5%) experienced failure after treatment; 4 local, 2 regional, and 6 distant failures. The 5-year local control (LC) and overall survival (OS) were 77.7% and 38.5%, respectively. The 5-year OS rate was 50.8% for patients without distant metastases and 0% for patients with metastases (p < 0.001). Radiation dose (<50 Gy vs. ${\geq}50Gy$) did not compromise the LC (p = 0.645). However, LC was affected by ICE (p = 0.031). Delayed administration (>22 weeks) of RT was related to a higher rate of local failure (40.0%). Conclusion: RT resulted in a higher rate of local control in PM-RMS. However, it was not extended to survival outcome. A more effective treatment for PM-RMS is warranted.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.25-27
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• 2003

Since 1993, a total of 50 problematic plant diseases unrecorded in Korea were surveyed in Gyeongnam province. Totally 34 new host plants to corresponding pathogens investigated in this study were 5 fruit trees, 9 vegetables, 12 ornamental plants, 3 industrial crops, and 5 medicinal plants. Among the newly recorded fruit tree diseases, fruit rot of pomegranate caused by Coniella granati and Rhizopus soft rot of peach caused by Rhizopus nigricans damaged severely showing 65.5% and 82.4% infection rate. Among the vegetable diseases, corynespora leaf spot of pepper caused by Corynespora cassiicola and the crown gall of pepper caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, powdery mildew of tomato caused by Oidiopsis taurica were the most severe revealing 47.6%, 84.7%, and 54.5% infection rate in heavily infected fields, respectively. In ornamental plants, collar rot of lily caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, gray mold of primula caused by Botrytis cinerea, soot leaf blight of dendrobium caused by Pseudocercospora dendrobium, sclerotinia rot of obedient plant caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum showed 32.7 to 64.8% disease incidence. On three industrial plants such as sword bean, broad bean, and cowpea, eight diseases were firstly found in this study. Among the diseases occurring on broad bean, rust caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae and red spot caused by Botrytis fabae were the major limiting factor for the cultivation of the plant showing over 64% infection rate in fields. In medicinal plants, anthracnose of safflower caused by Collectotrichum acutatum was considered the most severe disease on the plant and followed by collar rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii.(중략)

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.259-268
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• 2011

This study aimed to examine the kinematic characteristics of the national elite cross-country skiers' double poling technique and to provide the quantitative data for better performance. Four male elite cross-country roller skiers skied maximum velocity with Double Pole technique. The cycle characteristics with angles of elbow, hip, and knee joint were analyzed. The results showed that CM velocity of the body was increased with the third cycle, the cycle time and length were also increased. The poling time and recovery time rate showed with 32.79%, 67.44% respectively. The joint angles with elbow, hip and knee were $106^{\circ}$, $133.14^{\circ}$ $156.87^{\circ}$ at pole in event, $158.94^{\circ}$, $65.7^{\circ}$, $140.19^{\circ}$ at pole out event. Elite skiers should decrease double poling time rate and increase recovery time rate in order to improve the double poling performance. The cycle length and velocity of the double poling should be increased for the better performance. The elbow angle should be minimized at pole in event with maximum extension until pole out event. The hip and knee angles should be increased for the recovery phase.