• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.93-98
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• 2007

A class of new observers in descriptor linear systems, proportional-derivative(PD) observers, are proposed. A parametric design approach for such observers is proposed based on a complete parametric solution to the generalized Sylvester matrix equation. The approach provides complete parameterizations for all the observer gains, gives the parametric expression for the corresponding left eigenvector matrix of the observer system matrix, realizes elimination of impulsive behaviors, and guarantees the regularity of the observer system.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.764-771
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• 2018

This study focused on shape attributes in a basic study that identified infographics expression diversification and delivery efficiency based on formative attributes. To achieve that goal, formative attributes were categorized as geometric or expressional type, and significant differences between them were found by identifying the attributes of each type. The study analyzed the correlations between each infographic type's formative attributes and content delivery. The results found that regularity, clarity, visibility, and content delivery were attributes of the geometric type, whereas expressionality, visibility, clarity, and content delivery were attributes of the expressional type. Further analysis of the attributes focusing on content delivery found that regularity and visibility significantly influenced content delivery for the geometric type, and expressionality and clarity significantly influenced content delivery for the expressional type. Thus, this study empirically confirmed that formative attributes of infographics distinguished between expression types with statistically significant differences during the visualization process. And that specific factors influencing content delivery were formative attributes.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.522-537
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to develop a knitwear design with the potential for practical use through a combination of science and design by examining the concept and formative characteristics of fractal geometry and applying them to the development of 3D virtual clothing knitwear design. This study produced five main conclusions. First, the sub-concepts of "Repeatability," "Scale variability," and "complexity," which are based on self-similarity, appear together with simple regularity in the fractal formative characteristics shown in fashion design. Second, fashion fields apply fractal geometry in three-dimensional surface textures and optical textile patterns as a method of expression. Third, it was confirmed that various expressions can be created with fractal patterns by using the SDS-ONE APEX 3-4 design system; moreover, fractal patterns are a suitable design source for the development of Jacquard knitwear patterns. Fourth, in the development of knitted jacquard fractal patterns, by arranging the patterns in perspective, the effect of emphasizing or reducing the human body by optical illusion was shown. Fifth, a knit Jacquard structure with a pattern that exhibits fractal modeling characteristics and applying it to a 3D virtual clothing sample design reduces the time required for sample production while expanding the knit design's expression area and reducing costs. Thus, the clothing sample confirmed the effectiveness of practical knitwear design development.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.201-208
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• 2013

Objective: To investigate changes in the invasive capacity of gastric cancer cells in vitro after expression inhibition of T lymphoma invasion and metastasis inducing factor 1 (Tiam 1) and underlying mechanisms. Methods: Using adhesion selection, two subpopulations with high ($M_H$) or low ($M_L$) invasive capacity were separated from the human gastric cancer cell line MKN-45 ($M_0$). Tiam 1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ASODN) was transfected into $M_H$ cells with liposomes, and expression of Tiam 1 mRNA and protein was determined by RT-PCR and quantitative cellular-ELISA. Changes in the cytoskeleton, invasive capacity in vitro and expression of ras-related $C_3$ botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac 1), integrin ${\beta}1$ and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP 2) between Tiam 1 ASODN transfected $M_H$ cells and non-transfected cells were observed by HE staining, cytoskeletal protein staining, scanning electron microscopy, Boyden chamber tests and cyto-immunohistochemistry. Results: A positive correlation existed between the expression level of Tiam l mRNA or protein and the invasion capacity of gastric cancer cells. After ASODN treatment ($0.43{\mu}M$ for 48 h), Tiam 1 mRNA transcription and protein expression in $M_H$ cells were decreased by 80% and 24% respectively (P < 0.05), compared with untreated controls, while invasive capacity in vitro was suppressed by 60% (P < 0.05). Morphologic and ultrastructural observation also showed that ASODN-treated $M_H$ cells exhibited smooth surfaces with obviously reduced filopodia and microspikes, which resembled $M_0$ and $M_L$ cells. Additionally, cytoskeletal distribution dramatically altered from disorder to regularity with reduced long filament-like structure, projections, pseudopodia on cell surface, and with decreased acitn-bodies in cytoplasm. After Tiam 1 ASODN treatment, the expression of Rac 1 and Integrin ${\beta}1$ in $M_H$ cells was not affected (P > 0.05), but that of MMP 2 in $M_H$ cells was significantly inhibited compared with untreated cells (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Over-expression of Tiam-1 contributes to the invasive phenotype of gastric cancer cells. Inhibition of Tiam 1 expression could impair the invasive capacity of gastric cancer cells through modulating reconstruction of the cytoskeleton and regulating expression of MMP 2.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1380-1387
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• 2015

This study aims to determine the polymorphism and mRNA expression pattern of the heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) gene and their association with intramuscular fat (IMF) content in the breast and leg muscles of Baicheng oil chicken (BOC). A total of 720 chickens, including 240 black Baicheng oil chicken (BBOC), 240 silky Baicheng oil chicken (SBOC), and 240 white Baicheng oil chicken (WBOC) were raised. Three genotypes of H-FABP gene second extron following AA, AB, and BB were detected by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) strategy. The G939A site created AA genotype and G956A site created BB genotype. The content of IMF in AA genotype in breast muscle of BBOC was significantly higher than that of AB (p = 0.0176) and the genotype in leg muscle of WBOC was significantly higher than that of AB (p = 0.0145). The G939A site could be taken as genetic marker for higher IMF content selecting for breast muscle of BBOC and leg muscle of WBOC. The relative mRNA expression of H-FABP was measured by real-time PCR at 30, 60, 90, and 120 d. The IMF content significantly increased with age in both muscles. The mRNA expression level of H-FABP significantly decreased with age in both muscles of the three types of chickens. Moreover, a significant negative correlation between H-FABP abundance and IMF content in the leg muscles of WBOC (p = 0.035) was observed. The mRNA expression of H-FABP negatively correlated with the IMF content in both breast and leg muscles of BOC sat slaughter time.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.105-128
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• 2013

One of the biggest changes in 2007 Curriculum Revision is introduction of letter, equation, direct proportion and inverse proportion in fifth and sixth grade of mathematics. The purpose of this study is to provide some implications about teaching-learning method for introduction of letters, teaching and learning activities of equation between the 6th Curriculum and 2007 Curriculum Revision. The below conclusions were drawn from findings obtained in this study. First, the letter and expression were learned in fifth and sixth grade until 6th Curriculum and were learned in seventh grade in middle school of 7th Curriculum. But letter, equation are introduced in 2007 Curriculum Revision again. The overall contents of letter and expression were learned on the 'Relationship' domain in the 6th Curriculum, it were learned on the 'Letter and expression' domain in the 7th Curriculum and is learned on the 'Regularity and problem-solving' domain in the 2007 Curriculum Revision. Second, teaching method of these contents was to promise some definitions at first and then to solve exercises in the 6th Curriculum. But leaning was forced to improve student's problem-solving in the 7th Curriculum. To reduce student's pressure offers at a minimum mathematics terms and to provide problem situations to students who contact daily, it is emphasized on learner's communication in the 2007 Curriculum Revision. We want to be easily connected elementary mathematics and higher mathematics through this study about letter, equation. We recognized how we teach the letter and expression to reduce misconceptions and draw a transition from arithmetic thinking to algebraic thinking and want to be continue of another studies.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.13
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• pp.411-437
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• 2000

It is unsafe to attempt a complete definition of the expression 'perils of the seas', because in practice the question 'what is a peril of the seas' is inextricably woven up with the further question, 'was the loss proximately caused by the sea peril ?' Such casualties as stranding, collision and heavy weather appear with monotonous regularity in the daily reports, and are the obvious examples. However, what can be included in the term 'perils of the seas' seems to be inexhaustible, although most circumstances appear to have been covered by the Courts. Two cases heard in 1887 were instrumental in defining perils of the seas. In The Xantho Lord Herschell made the following remarks: "The term ... does not cover every accidents or casualty which may happen to the subject matter of insurance on the sea. It must be a peril 'of' the sea. Not every loss or damage of which the sea is the immediate cause is covered by these words. They do not protect, for example, against that natural and inevitable action of the winds and waves which results in what may be described as wear and tear. There must be some casualty, something which could not be foreseen as one of the necessary incidents of the adventure. The purpose of the policy is to secure an indemnity against accidents which may happen, not against events which must happen. ... If a vessel strikes upon a sunken rock in fair weather and sinks, this is a loss by perils of the sea."

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.88-95
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• 2014

This study intended arousal of other viewpoints that deal with and understand spaces and shapes, by describing the concept of 'dimensions' into visual patterns. Above all, the core concept of spatial dimensions was defined as 'expandability'. Then, first, the 'golden ratio', 'Fibonacci sequence', and 'fractal theory' were defined as elements of each dimension by stage. Second, a 'unit cell' of one dimension as 'minimum unit particles' was set. Next, Fibonacci sequence was set as an extended concept into two dimensions. Expansion into three dimensions was applied to the concept of 'self-similarity repetition' of 'Fractal'. In 'fractal dimension', the concept of 'regularity of irregularity' was set as a core attribute. Plus, Platonic solids were applied as a background concept of the setting of the 'unit cell' from the viewpoint of 'minimum unit particles'. Third, while 'characteristic patterns' which are shown in the courses of 'expansion' of each dimension were embodied for the visual expression forms of dimensions, expansion forms of dimensions are based on the premise of volume, directional nature, and concept of axes. Expressed shapes of each dimension are shown into visually diverse patterns and unexpected formative aspects, along with the expression of relative blank spaces originated from dualism. On the basis of these results, the 'unit cell' that is set as a concept of theoretical factor can be defined as a minimum factor of a basic algorism caused by other purpose. In here, by applying diverse pattern types, the fact that meaning spaces, shapes, and dimensions can be extracted was suggested.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.256-272
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• 2017

The purpose of this research is to study and learn more features how this type of distribution for communication in $6^{th}$ grade first semester elementary science and mathematics according to communicative expression by 2009 revised curriculum. For this study, based on an analysis standard presented in previous research on the types of communication. The results of this research are as follows. First, because the mathematics presents the number of ways to communicate twice more than science, mathematics go through with much more problems to solve than science. Second, in mathematics, spoken method and written method have similar proportion, less in physical activity method. Third, Science showed balanced proportion among four areas; earth, life, energy, and material. On the other hand, mathematics only showed small numbers in the area of geometry but similar numbers in number and operations, regularity, measurement. Fourth, there is no common feature or relevance about communicative approach for convergence thinking in 2009 revised curriculum, it seems that it doesn't consider it as a revised.

• School Mathematics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.313-326
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• 2007

Recently in algebra curriculum, to recognizes and explains general nile expressing patterns is presented as the one alternative and is emphasized. In the seventh School Mathematic Curriculum regarding 'regularity and function' area, in elementary school curriculum, is guiding pattern activity of various form. But difficulty and problem of students are pointing in study for learning through pattern activity. In this article, emphasizes generalization process through research activity of pictorial/geometric pattern that is introduced much on elementary school mathematic curriculum and investigates various approach and strategy of student's thinking, state of symbolization in generalization process of pictorial/geometric pattern. And discusses generalization of pictorial/geometric pattern, difficulty of symbolization and suggested several proposals for research activity of pictorial/geometric pattern.