• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.9-20
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• 2002

This study examined different individual and environmental factors that affect children's experience of harassment from their peers. For the individual variables, gender, behavioral problems, and self-esteem were included in the anal)'sis. For the family variables, mother's parenting style and the socio-economic status of parents were examined, and for the school variables, the supervision of the teacher and the attitudes of the classmates toward bullying were used. Two forms of peer harassment, the overt form and the relational form were examined in this study. The sample consisted of 520 fifth grade children. Statistics and methods used for the data analysis were Cronbach's alpha, factor analysis, frequency, percentage, means, standard deviation, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression. Several major relationships were found from the analyses. First, the more the children tend to internalize behavioral problems and have lower self-esteem, the more likely they are to get victimized by overt and relational forms of harassment. Boys experience more overt harassment than girls. Second, the more the mother's parenting style is permissive-nonintervening, or rejecting-restricting, and the higher the father's social status is, the more likely the child is subjected to overt and relational forms of harassment. Third, the more the children feel that the teacher is paying attention to bullying, the less the children are subjected to the overt form of peer harassment. Fourth, children's internalizing behavioral problems, mother's permissiveness-nonintervention, children's self-esteem, children's gender, and the supervision of the teacher regarding bullying significantly affected the experience of overt forms of harassment. A twenty two percent variance in the victimization of an overt form was explained by those variables. Children's internalizing behavioral problems, mother's permissiveness-nonintervention, children's self-esteem, and mother's rejection-restriction significantly affected the experience of relational form of peers harassment. Twenty six percent of the variance in the relational form of victimization was explained by those variables.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.53-68
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• 2006

This study examines Korean and American undergraduate students' intimacy toward the grandmother and their attitudes toward the elderly and aging. The study also identifies the variances that influence undergraduate students' attitudes. The subjects were 397 Korean and 364 America undergraduates. Statistical analysis was conducted to examine frequency, percentage, meat standard deviation, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, t-test, Duncan test, ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression. The results of this study were as follows; 1) Both Korean and American undergraduates' attitudes were mid-range, but their intimacy level toward their grandmother was high. 2) The Korean undergraduates' intimacy level differed significantly according to sex and religion, and it showed a significant correlation with attitudes toward the elderly and aging traits, when the student had lived with and had frequent contact with the grandmother. The American undergraduates' intimacy level, however, was significantly different according to the presence of the grandmother. There was also had a significant correlation with the undergraduate students' attitudes toward the elderly and aging traits, frequency of contact with the grandmother and year. 3) The variables that affect the Korean undergraduates' intimacy level toward the grandmother were attitude, cohabitation with her, gender, frequency of contact with the grandmother, and religion, which explained about 21% of total variance. Attitudes toward the elderly and aging traits were very important variables for Korean undergraduates' intimacy with their grandmother. The American undergraduates' intimacy was affected by the variables of attitude, frequency of contact with the grandmother, year, and the presence of the grandmother, which explained about 19% of the total variance. Attitude toward the elderly and aging traits were the most important variables for American undergraduates' intimacy with their grandmother.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.72-79
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• 2007

Demand for low-input sustainable crop cultivation is increasing to meet the need for environment-friendly agriculture. Consequently, developing genotypes with high nutrient use efficiency is one of the major objectives of crop breeding programs. This study was conducted to identify QTLs for traits associated with physiological nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE). A recombinant inbred population (DT-RILs) between Dasanbyeo (a tongil type rice, derived from an indica ${\times}$ japonica cross and similar to indica in its genetic make-up) and TR22183 (a Chinese japonica variety) consisting of 166 $F_8$ lines was developed and used for mapping. A frame map of 1,409 cM containing 113 SSR and 103 STS markers with an average interval of 6.5 cM between adjacent marker loci was constructed using the DT-RILs. The RILs were cultivated in ordinary-N ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O=100-80-80kg/ha$) and low-N ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O=50-80-80kg/ha$) (100 kg/ha) conditions. PNUE was positively correlated with the harvest index and grain yield in both conditions. Twenty single QTLs (S-QTLs) and 58 pairs of epistatic loci (E-QTLs) were identified for the nitrogen concentration of grain, nitrogen concentration of straw, nitrogen content of shoot, harvest index, grain yield, straw yield and PNUE in both conditions. The phenotypic variance explained by these S-QTLs and E-QTLs ranged from 11.1 to 44.3% and from 16.0% to 63.6%, respectively. The total phenotypic variance explained by all the QTLs for each trait ranged from 35.8% to 71.3%, showing that the expression of PNUE and related characters depends signify- cantly upon genetic factors. Both S-QTLs and E-QTLs may be useful for marker-assisted selection (MAS) to develop higher PNUE genotypes.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.112-119
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• 2015

Background: Pectus excavatum (PE) is the most common chest wall deformity. The Nuss Questionnaire modified for Adults (NQmA) is a disease-specific health-related quality of life assessment tool for patients with pectus deformities. The aim of this study is to adapt the NQmA into Turkish. Methods: Two hundred and sixty-five patients with PE were participated, with an age range of 14 to 29 years. All patients underwent a physical examination and had not undergone corrective surgery. The Turkish version of the NQmA was completed by patients and their parents. Results: The content validity index based on expert opinions was 91% for the patient questionnaire and 96% for the parent questionnaire. The Cronbach's alpha value for the NQmA was found to be 0.805 for the patient questionnaire and 0.800 for the parent questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis was used to assess construct validity. Two factors explained 51.1% of the total variance in the patient questionnaire (psychosocial: 31.145%, Cronbach's alpha=0.818; physical: 19.955%, Cronbach's alpha=0.862). In the parent questionnaire, two factors explained 51.422% of the total variance (psychosocial: 26.097%, Cronbach's alpha=0.743; physical: 25.325%, Cronbach's alpha=0.827). Construct validity was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the NQmA was found to be valid and reliable for the assessment of quality of life in patients with PE.

• 대기
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.451-461
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• 2019

Medium-range forecast is highly dependent on ensemble forecast data. However, operational weather forecasters have not enough time to digest all of detailed features revealed in ensemble forecast data. To utilize the ensemble data effectively in medium-range forecasting, representative weather patterns in East Asia in this study are defined. The k-means clustering analysis is applied for the objectivity of weather patterns. Input data used daily Mean Sea Level Pressure (MSLP) anomaly of the ECMWF ReAnalysis-Interim (ERA-Interim) during 1981~2010 (30 years) provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Using the Explained Variance (EV), the optimal study area is defined by 20~60°N, 100~150°E. The number of clusters defined by Explained Cluster Variance (ECV) is thirty (k = 30). 30 representative weather patterns with their frequencies are summarized. Weather pattern #1 occurred all seasons, but it was about 56% in summer (June~September). The relatively rare occurrence of weather pattern (#30) occurred mainly in winter. Additionally, we investigate the relationship between weather patterns and extreme weather events such as heat wave, cold wave, and heavy rainfall as well as snowfall. The weather patterns associated with heavy rainfall exceeding 110 mm day^-1 were #1, #4, and #9 with days (%) of more than 10%. Heavy snowfall events exceeding 24 cm day^-1 mainly occurred in weather pattern #28 (4%) and #29 (6%). High and low temperature events (> 34℃ and < -14℃) were associated with weather pattern #1~4 (14~18%) and #28~29 (27~29%), respectively. These results suggest that the classification of various weather patterns will be used as a reference for grouping all ensemble forecast data, which will be useful for the scenario-based medium-range ensemble forecast in the future.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.227-243
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to analyze a causal relations of children's learned helplessness, stress, perception of self-competence and mother's childrearing attitudes. The subjects were 370 of 4th and 6th grade in elementary school and the second grade in junior high school in Busan and their's mothers. The instruments used for this study were learned helplessness scale, stress scale, self-perception profile for children, and childrearing attitude scale. The data was analyzed with pearson's correlation, multiple regression and path analysis. The major findings of this study were as follows : 1. Children's global self-worth, social self, age and mother's controlling childrearing attitudes predicted children's stress. 21% of the variance of children's stress was explained by these variables. 2. Children's stress, global self-worth, academic and social self predicted children's learned helplessness. 54% of the variance of children's learned helplessness was explained by these variables. 3. 1) Global self-worth was the first contribution and had a indirect effect through stress as well as a direct effect on children's learned helplessness. 2) Children's stress and academic self had direct effect on children's learned helplessness. 3) Children's social self had a indirect effect through stress as well as a direct effect on children's learned helplessness. 4) Mother's affectionate childrearing attitudes had indirect effect through academic, and social self and global self-worth on children's learned helplessness. Mother's controlling childrearing attitudes had indirect effect through stress on children's learned helplessness. Children's age had a indirect effect through global self-worth and stress and children's sex had a indirect effect through social self on children's learned helplessness.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.479-490
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• 2007

This study examines undergraduate students' intimacy toward the grandmother and their attitudes toward the elderly and aging. The study also identifies the variances that influence undergraduate students' intimacy toward the grandmother. The subjects were 397 undergraduates. Statistical analysis was conducted to examine frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, t-test, Duncan test, ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression. The results of this study were as follows; 1) The undergraduates' attitudes were mid-range, but their intimacy level toward their grandmother was high. 2) The undergraduates' intimacy level toward the grandmother differed significantly according to gender, experience of cohabitation, the presence of her, and religion, and it showed a significant correlation with attitudes toward the elderly and aging traits, period of cohabitation, and frequent contact with the grandmother. The undergraduates' intimacy level toward grandmother-in-low, however, was significantly different according to the religion. There was also had a significant correlation with the undergraduate students' attitudes toward the elderly and aging traits. 3) The variables that affect the undergraduates' intimacy level toward the grandmother were attitude, frequency of contact with the grandmother, gender, period of cohabitation, experience of cohabitation, and the presence of the grandmother, which explained about 35% of total variance. Attitudes toward the elderly and aging traits were very important variables for undergraduates' intimacy with their grandmother. The undergraduates' intimacy toward grandmother-in-low was affected by the variables of attitude, religion, experience of volunteer, frequency of contact with the grandmother, gender, and the presence of grandmother, which explained about 24% of the total variance. Attitude toward the elderly and aging traits were the most important variables for undergraduates' intimacy with their grandmother-in-low.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.319-329
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• 2014

본 연구는 청소년의 가족기능, 충동성, 스트레스가 집단따돌림 유형에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위한 서술적 조사연구이다. 연구대상은 중 고등학생 627명으로, 수집된 자료는 SPSS 18.0 program을 사용하여 평균과 표준편차, t-test, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient 및 stepwise multiple regression analysis으로 분석하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 집단따돌림 유형(가해 및 피해)은 가족기능, 충동성, 스트레스와 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 집단따돌림 가해에 영향을 미치는 요인은 가족기능의 하부요인에서 정서적 반응성, 충동성의 하부영역에서 무계획 충동성, 스트레스의 하부요인에서 친구관련 스트레스, 일반적 특성에서 음주경험(있음), 부모 우울문제 경험(있음)로 확인되었으며, 34.1%의 설명력을 나타내었다. 집단따돌림 피해에 영향을 미치는 요인은 가족기능의 하부요인에서 의사소통, 충동성의 하부영역에서 운동 충동성, 스트레스의 하부요인에서 친구관련 스트레스, 일반적 특성에서 성별(남학생), 학년(중학생)으로 확인되었으며, 30.9%의 설명력을 나타내었다. 결론적으로 본 연구는 청소년의 집단따돌림 유형(가해 및 피해)에 가족기능, 충동성, 스트레스의 역할을 실증적으로 확인하였다는 점과 청소년의 집단따돌림 유형에 따른 중재방안의 기초 자료를 제공하였다는 점에서 의의를 찾을 수 있다.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.249-259
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• 2002

Purpose: This study was to identify the relationship between transformational leadership of nurse managers and autonomy, empowerment of nurses. Method: The subjects were 468 nurses and 19 head nurses were working at the 3 general hospitals in seoul. The data were collected from July 6 to September 14, 2001 by the structured questionnaires. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression with SAS package were used. Result: 1) 'Autonomy' and 'Empowerment' were positively related to 'Total Transformational Leadership', 'Charisma', 'intellectual stimulation', 'individual consideration'($r=.18{\sim}24$, $r=.26{\sim}36$, p<.001). 2) 'Transformational leadership' showed a significant difference according to major field of practice(F=4.47, p<.001). 3) 'Autonomy' showed a significant difference according to age, education level, total numbers of years in nursing practice, and position in present(F=3.68, 3.27, 3.13, 4.34, p<.05). 4) 'Empowerment' showed a significant difference according to age, marital status, education level, major field of practice, total numbers of years in nursing practice, and position in present(F=16.02, t=9.04, F=6.97, 1.86, 15.71, 11.38, p<.05). 5) As a result of regression analysis, the key determinants of 'autonomy' were 'Charisma' and this explained 10.61% of the total variance of it. And the key determinants of 'empowerment' were 'intellectual stimulation' and this explained 16.01% of the total variance of it.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.268-277
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of self-efficacy and empowerment on perceived organizational support and organizational citizenship behavior of nurses. Method: The subjects of this study were 327 nurses who were working at seven hospitals. The data were collected by structured questionnaire from Feb. 12 to Mar. 5 of 2006. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Stepwise multiple regression on SPSS/PC 12.0 program. Results: The mean score of self-efficacy was 3.75, empowerment was 3.68, perceived organizational support(POS) was 2.87, and organizational citizenship behavior(OCB) was 3.64. The POS had statistically significant differences according to position(F=3.207, p=.013). The self-efficacy and empowerment were positively correlated with POS and OCB. The self-efficacy(7.0%), meaning(8.5%), competency(12.4%), self-determination(1.9%), and impact(4.8%) explained 34.6% of the variance for POS. The self-efficacy(17.1%), meaning(1.0%), competency(2.8%), self-determination(3.2%), and impact(13.2%) explained 37.3% of the variance for OCB. Conclusion: The findings showed that self-efficacy and empowerment were important factors for enhancing POS and OCB in nursing organization. Therefore, the nurse manager must establish the strategies to improve the self-efficacy and empowerment of the nurses in order to promote the POS and OCB.