• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.54 no.6
• /
• pp.719-724
• /
• 2016

The present study was designed to assess the dynamic patterns of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including $IFN-{\gamma}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-4, IL-6, acute phase protein (${\alpha}1$-acid-glycoprotein, AGP), and an inflammation associated factor (adenosine deaminase; ADA) following experimental caprine coccidiosis. Ten kids aging from 2 to 4 months were infected orally with $5{\times}10^4$ sporulated oocysts and 10 animals served as controls. Blood samples were collected in both groups before infection and at days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 post-infection (PI), and the levels of above-mentioned factors were measured. $IFN-{\gamma}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-4, IL-6, AGP, and ADA activities were significantly higher in infected animals from day 7 PI (P<0.05). In conclusion, the circulatory levels of most systemic inflammatory markers, including pro-inflammatory cytokines ($IFN-{\gamma}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-4, IL-6), AGP, and ADA increased significantly starting from day 3 to day 7 PI in caprine coccidiosis.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.40 no.6
• /
• pp.799-807
• /
• 2010

Purpose: To determine whether the practice of not routinely changing ventilator circuits in patients who require prolonged mechanical ventilation is associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Methods: Patients were divided into two groups, ventilator circuits were routinely changed every 7 days for the control group (39) and every 14 days for the experimental group (40) over a period of 1 yr (April 1, 2009-March 31, 2010). Pediatric patients (age 17 yr or less) were not included. VAP was diagnosed by the criteria of the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Incidence of VAP and characteristics of infection were evaluated. Results: In the experimental group, 2 episodes of pneumonia were observed in 40 patients and 1,322 ventilator days. The rate of VAP was 1.5 per 1,000 ventilator days. There was 1 episode of pneumonia in 39 patients and 481 ventilator days for the control group. The rate of VAP was 2.1 per 1,000 ventilator days. The difference between both groups was not significant (p=.695). Conclusion: Extending ventilator circuit change interval from 7 days to 14 days does not increase the risk for VAP.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.56 no.11
• /
• pp.482-489
• /
• 2013

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the differences in lower airway inflammatory immune responses, including cellular responses and responses in terms of inflammatory mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and the airway, to rhinovirus (RV) infection on asthma exacerbation by comparing a control and a murine asthma model, with or without RV infection. Methods: BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with a crude extract of Dermatophagoides farinae (Df ) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and were subsequently intranasally treated with a crude extract of Df or PBS. Airway responsiveness and cell infiltration, differential cell counts in BALF, and cytokine and chemokine concentrations in BALF were measured 24 hours after intranasal RV1B infection. Results: RV infection increased the enhanced pause (Penh) in both the Df sensitized and challenged mice (Df mice) and PBS-treated mice (PBS mice) (P<0.05). Airway eosinophil infiltration increased in Df mice after RV infection (P<0.05). The levels of interleukin (IL) 13, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES) increased in response to RV infection in Df mice, but not in PBS mice (P<0.05). The level of IL-10 significantly decreased following RV infection in Df mice (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the augmented induction of proinflammatory cytokines, Th2 cytokines, and chemokines that mediate an eosinophil response and the decreased induction of regulatory cytokines after RV infection may be important manifestations leading to airway inflammation with eosinophil infiltration and changes in airway responsiveness in the asthma model.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.197-204
• /
• 2006

The pathogenicity and infection route of the Scuticociliate, Philasterdies dicentrarchi, were investigated with the 3 and 5 cm-group of juvenile flounders, Paralichthys olivaceus. The infection rates of 3 cm-group were 40% four days post infection (D.P.I.) and increased to be 90.1% 24 D.P.I., whereas those of 5 cm-group were 20% 8 D.P.I., 42% 16 D.P.I., and 81% 24 D.P.I. The results showed there were several infection routes to internal organs Olive flounder. The first route was started with the infection at the soft part of caudal fin and later reached at fin ray and muscle tissue; the second one was started from lips and mouth tissue of upper jaw and later the pathogen could be observed at either muscle tissue or eyeball and brain; the third one was begun at caudal fin and later the pathogen reached at brain tissu'e through spiral cord; the fourth one was started with the infections at abdominal cavity and anus. P. dicentrarchi infected to brain tissue was first observed 14 D.P.I in 3 cm-group and 20 D.P.I. in 5 cm-group of the juvenile flounder. This indicated that the brain infection of P. dicentrarchi might occur faster in small-sized flounder than large-sized one.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
• /
• v.22 no.9
• /
• pp.53-61
• /
• 2024

Purpose: This study is a comparative study conducted to examine the differences in attitudes toward COVID-19 prevention, self-leadership, and infection prevention behaviors among nursing students based on their experience in community volunteer related to infection disease prevention. Method: A total of 286 nursing students (146 in the experimental group and 140 in the control group) from 14 regions across the country were conveniently sampled from November 1 to 30, 2021, and the average difference in each variable according to participation in volunteer activities was analyzed using a t-test. Results: The comparison of differences based on participation in volunteer activities showed that the group with volunteer experience had a statistically significantly higher score in all variables: attitudes toward COVID-19 prevention (42.25±5.35 points) compared to those without experience (40.02±6.30 points)(p=.001), self-leadership (72.04±13.18 points) compared to those without experience (66.58±10.85 points)(p<.000), and infectious disease prevention behavior (44.31±7.62 points) compared to those without experience (39.38±7.20 points)(p<.000). Conclusion: This study provides practical and educational implications by suggesting a direction for educating nursing students who will need to provide actual care in future infectious disease outbreaks. These results suggest that nursing students could carry out volunteer service related infection diseases prevention through customized education and promotion programs for different target groups, which could be supported by school budgets, club activities, or incorporated into regular courses. Furthermore, it can be utilized as foundational data for the development of future nursing education programs

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.143-154
• /
• 1990

Observations were made on the differences of cell-mediated responses in mice of three infectiorl groups di여erently scheduled in their severity with pathogenic Acanthamoeba culbertseni. Infections were done by dropping $5{\;}{\mu}l$ saline suspension containing $3{\times}10^3,{\;}1{\times}10^4,{\;}or{\;}1{\times}10^5$ trophosoites, respectively. Amoebae were cultured anenically in CGV medium and inoculated into the right nasal cavity of CSH/HeJ mice aging around 6∼8 weeks, under the anesthesia by intraperitoneal injection of secobarbital. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses in footpad and blastogenlc responses of mouse spleen cells using ($^3H$)-thymidine and the serum antibody titer were measured up to day 14 after infection, and natural killer cell activities were measured up to day, i after infection. The results obtained in this study were as follows: 1. The mice infected with $3{\times}10^3$ trophosoites showed mortality rate of 17%, and 345 in the mice infected with $1{\times}10^4$ trophozoites and 65% with $1{\times}10^5$ trophozoites. 2. In regard to DTH responses in all experimental groups, the level increased on day 7 and declined on day 14 after infection, but their differences could not be noted between infected and control groups. 3. The blastogenic responses of splenocytes treated with amoeba Iysates and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) showed no difference from the control group. The blastogenic responses of splenocytes treated with concanavalin A were declined significantly in the experimental group as compared with the control group, but the blastogenic responses of splenocytes treated with polyinosinic acid were not different from the control group. There was also no difference among three infected groups. 4. The cytotoxic activity of the natural killer cells was activated on day 1 after infection and declined to the level of control group on day 2 in all experimental groups. On day 5 after infection, the natural killer cell cytotoxicity was significantly suppressed as compared with the control groups. 5. The serum antibody titers of the infected mice increased after day 7, but there was no statistical difference between the three infected groups. In summary of the results, there was no difference in cell-mediated immune responses of three experimental groups scheduled with different infection intensities. But there was a significant difference in cell$.$mediated immune responses between infected and control mice. It is considered that cell-mediated immune responses should be involved in murine model infected with A. culbertsoni.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.119-132
• /
• 2001

An immunoelectron microscopy employing immunogold labeling method was performed to detect tissue origin of Dl fraction (DIA) among 5 antigenic protein fractions partially purified by DEAE- anion exchange chromatography from water- soluble crude antigen (PIWA) of adult Paragonimus iloktsuenensis. Immune reactions of adult worm tissues with rabbit serum immunoglobulin immunized with crude antigen (PI-Ig) and D1 antigen (D1-Ig), as well as rat serum immunoglobulin infected with P. iloktsuenensis were observed. DlA showed strong antigenicity in the intestinal epithelium of the worms during the early infection period of 2-4 weeks after infection. The vitellaria also showed stronger antigenicity than the other tissue sites in immune reaction of tissues against all immunoglobulins from 4 to 33 weeks after vitelline development. Therefore, it is suggested that DlA was mainly originated from the intestinal epithelial tissues before the development of vitelline gland of the parasites. Immune-reactivity of two immunoglobulins (PI-Ig, Dl-Ig) was significantly different in intestinal epithelial cytoplasmic protrusions (CP) and intestinal epithelial secretory granules (SG). In the experimental group with Dl-Ig, gold particles were labeled significantly in CP than in SG when compared to the PI-Ig group. Thus, the major antigenic materials in Dl antigen having a strong antigenicity in the early infection period was considered to be originated from the intestinal epithelial tissue .

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.51 no.7
• /
• pp.690-695
• /
• 2008

The age-specific anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) seroprevalence rates in South Korea have changed markedly since the last 2030 years with an improvement in the socio-economic, housing, and environmental-sanitation conditions. These changes are characterized by very low anti-HAV seropositive rates among individuals less than 30 years of age; however, nowadays, most adolescents and young adults at an increased risk of developing symptomatic HAV infections. The Korea Center for Disease Control Sentinel Surveillance System has recently revealed an increase in the incidence of hepatitis A infection since 2001 and has revealed a potential endemic nature of the hepatitis A infection. Hepatitis A vaccines that were introduced in 1997 in Korea have made the current anti-HAV IgG positive rates in children (less than 10 years of age) approximately 50% of the rates observed in Seoul in 2006. However, in the same year, a few children were diagnosed as having anti-HAV IgG antibodies in Busan. This suggests the presence of some difference in the vaccination policy among doctors practicing in Seoul and Busan. Thus, the current recommendation of vaccinating 12-year-old child with HAV vaccination should be emphasized and a new strategy should be developed for the vaccination program to cater to the adolescents and young adults who are not immune, as well as for persons who are at a high risk for hepatitis A viral infection such as military personnel and hospital and day care center employees. Further, urgent hepatitis A vaccinations are also needed in patients with chronic liver diseases.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.42-52
• /
• 1995

Anaplasmosis is most important tick-borne rickettsial diseases of domestic ruminant. with Anaptasma spp. as their respective causal agents. In order to the survey prevalence of anaplasmosis in Korean native goats, we examined the Giemsa's blood filrms from 552 grazing and 188 nongrazing-goats in Chonbuk area Namwon, Imsil and Sunchang. The conclusive diagnosis was made by observing the characteristic marginal or central bodies in the red blood cells. The infection rate of grazine and nongrazing-goats with Anaplasma spp. was 71.7% and 8.5%, respectively. In order to study about the therapeutic effects of drug for 40 grazing-oats infected with Anaptasma spp. in mountain-area, Berenil(diminazene acetate) was jntramuscularly injected (0.5㎖ /10kg B.W.). After 1 month, we don't detected the parasite in the blood films from 33 goats(82.5%), but no change of significant hematological values(PCV, ESR, WBC, RBC, MCH, MCHC, PLT, MPV, PDW and HB) was observed. These results indicated that the infection rate of Anaplasma spp. was higher on glazing than nongrazing-goats and Berenil as an antianaplasmal drug is recommended.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.46 no.11
• /
• pp.1139-1142
• /
• 2003

Human parvovirus(HPV) B19 infection causes erythema infectiosum in children, sometimes red cell aplastic crisis with hemolytic anemia and chronic bone marrow failure in immunocompromised hosts. HPV B19 is directly cytotoxic for erythroid progenitor cells and inhibits erythropoiesis. Infrequently, HPV B19 inhibits hematopoiesis of three cell lineages and causes transient pancytopenia in patients with hemolytic disorders. We report three patients with hereditary spherocytosis who developed transient aplastic crisis. A HPV B19 infection was confirmed by IgM anti-B19 parvovirus titers and characteristic findings of bone marrow examination as the causative agent associated with severe pancytopenia. Three patients recovered spontaneously after a short period of supportive care with red cell transfusions and intravenous immunoglobulin.