• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.321-326
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• 1998

Shear failure of reinforced concrete beams is serious problem due to sudden brittle failure and many experimental results proved that size effect in shear behavior is an important feature of reinforced concrete members. For this reason, the structural safety of the reinforced concrete beams for shear has been checked by applying empirical design formula, which includes the size-effect, derived from experimental data. However, as the sizes of reinforced concrete members become extremely large, experiments sometimes become very difficult so that the formula or the experimental data could not be obtained and size-effect analyses of shear behavior become significant. In this study, size-effect analysis of shear behavior in reinforced concrete beams is performed by modeling tension stiffening/shear stiffening on reinforced concrete and the tension softening/shear softening on plain concrete. Then, the influences of models in the size-effect analyses of shear behavior in reinforced concrete beams are analyzed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.20.1-20.5
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• 2014

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of form and particle size of feed supplemented with L-threonine on growth performance, carcass characteristic and blood biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. The experimental design was a $2{\times}2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments evaluating two feed forms (pellet or mash), two feed particle sizes (fine or course), and two inclusion rates of dietary L-threonine (with or without) which adopted from 7 to 42 days of age. In this experiment, 360 a day old chicks in two sexes were assigned in each treatment and each experimental unit was included 15 chicks. Feed consumption and weight gain were measured weekly. At 35 days of age, blood samples were taken to analysis blood biochemical parameters. At the end of the experimental period, two birds were slaughtered in each treatment and carcass analysis was carried out. The results showed that the effect of feed form on body weight gain and feed intake in whole of experimental period was significant (P < 0.05). Broilers fed pelleted diets had more weight gain than the mash group. Growth performance parameters were not affected by feed particle size and dietary L-threonine supplementation in whole of experimental period (P > 0.05). The results of carcass analysis showed that liver and gizzard relative weights were influenced by feed form (P < 0.05). However, pancreas and liver relative weights were affected by feed particle size and dietary L-threonine supplementation, respectively (P < 0.05). Triglyceride and VLDL levels were affected by feed form and dietary L-threonine supplementation (P < 0.05). The effect of feed particle size on blood biochemical parameters was not significant (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the experimental results indicated that feed form increased feed consumption and weight gain in whole of experimental period (1 to 42 days of age) while feed particle size and dietary L-threonine had no effect on broiler performance.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.1
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• pp.77-82
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• 2007

This study was conducted to clarify the differences in egg-laying characters of Varied tit (Parus varius) as elevation in the Mt. Jirisan. We set up 144 artificial nest-boxes at three sites located in 300, 900, 1400m in elevation and checked egg size, clutch size and first date of egg-laying. At a result, There was no difference in egg size as elevation. But clutch size at high elevation was lower than at low elevation. Also, first date of egg-laying at high elevation was later than at other sites. In this research, we think that difference of clutch size at three sites result from 'individual adjustment hypothesis' and difference of first date of egg-laying have relation to sprouting date of leaves and distribution of insects.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.394-400
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• 2013

Microforming is a very efficient and economical technology to fabricate very small metallic parts in various applications. In order to extend the use of this forming technology for the production of microparts, the size effect, which occurs with the reduction of part size and affects the forming process significantly, must be thoroughly investigated. In this study, the tribological size effect in microforming was studied using modeling and scaled ring compression experiments. A micro-scale friction approach based on the slip-line field theory and lubricant pocket model was used to understand the friction mechanism and explain the tribological size effect. Ring compression tests were performed to analyze the interfacial friction condition from the deformation characteristics of the ring specimens. In addition, finite element analysis results were utilized to quantitatively determine the size-dependent frictional behavior of materials in various process conditions. By comparing theoretical results and experimental measurements for different size factors, the accuracy and reliability of the model were verified.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.577-585
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• 2008

This paper suggests a marginal probability model for analyzing repeated polytomous response data when some factors are nested in others in treatment structures on a larger experimental unit. As a repeated measures factor, time is considered on a smaller experimental unit. So, two different experiment sizes are considered. Each size of experimental unit has its own design structure and treatment structure, and the marginal probability model can be constructed from the structures for each size of experimental unit. Weighted least squares(WLS) methods are used for estimating fixed effects in the suggested model.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.117-134
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• 2008

An experimental and numerical research was conducted to gain a deeper insight on the structural behaviour of deep-beams with indirect supports and to assess the size effects in the ultimate state behaviour. The experimental campaign focused on the influence of the reinforcement tie distribution height on the compression check of the support region and on the benefits of using unbonded prestressing steel. Three reduced scale specimens were tested and used to validate the results obtained with a nonlinear finite element model. As a good agreement could be found between the numerical and the experimental results, the numerical model was then further used to perform simulations in large scale deep-beams, with dimensions similar to the ones to be adopted in a practical case. Two sources of size effects were identified from the simulation results. Both sources are related to the concrete quasi-brittle behaviour and are responsible for increasing failure brittleness with increasing structural size. While in the laboratory models failure occurred both in the experimental tests as well as in the numerical simulations after reinforcement yielding, the numerically analysed large scale models exhibited shear failures with reinforcement still operating in the elastic range.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.44-54
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• 1996

A theoretical and experimental study was carried out on the prediction of drop size distribution of the pressure swirl atomizer. Drop size distribution was obtained by using maximum entropy formal ism. Several constraints in the form of the definition of mean diameter were used in this formulation in order to avoid the difficulties of the estimating source terms. In this study $D_{10}$ was only introduced into the formulation as a constraint. A drop size obtained by using linear Kelvin-Helmholtz instability theory was considered as an unknown characteristic length scale. As a result, the calculated drop size was agreed well with measured mean diameter, particularly with $D_{32}$. The predicted drop size distribution was agreed welt with experimental data measured wi th Malvern 2600.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.451-460
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• 2016

An anchorage system is necessary in most reinforced concrete structures for connecting attachments. It is very important to predict the strength of the anchor to safely maintain the attachments to the structures. However, according to experimental results, the existing design codes are not appropriate for large anchors because they offer prediction equations only for small size anchors with diameters under 50 mm. In this paper, a new prediction model for breakout shear strength is suggested from experimental results considering the characteristics of large anchors, such as the prying effect and size effect. The proposed equations by regression analysis of the derived model equations based on the prying effect and size effect can reasonably be used to predict the breakout shear strength of not only ordinary small size anchors but also large size anchors.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.401-407
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• 2000

An elastic-plastic finite element analysis is performed to investigate detailed closure behavior of fatigue cracks and the numerical results are compared with experimental results. The finite element analysis performed under plane stress using 4-node isoparametric elements can predict fatigue crack closure behavior. The mesh of constant element size along crack surface can not predict the opening level of fatigue crack. The crack opening level for the constant mesh size increases linearly from initial crack growth. The crack opening level for variable mesh size, is almost flat after crack tip has passed the monotonic plastic zone. The prediction of crack opening level using the variable mesh size proportioning the reversed plastic zone size with the opening stress intensity factors presents a good agreement with the experimental data regardless of stress ratios.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.274-280
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• 2008

To investigate the flexural behavior of real size RC beams strengthened with glass fiber sheets, 9 strengthened beams of real size are experimented and the results are compared with those of existing experimental studies. Experiments are considered glass fiber sheets, the number of fiber sheets, and the existence of U-wrap. By the results of experiments, the failure behavior and crack types of real size RC beams are almost equal to those of the small size RC beams, and the debonding and not the concrete cover delamination are occurred. It can be found from the load-deflection curves that as the number of fiber sheets is increased, the ductility of real size RC beam is more decreased than that of the small size RC beam. For the strengthening method with glass fiber sheets of the real size RC beams, it can be confirmed that the finding a solution to the bonding problem is required