• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.279-301
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• 2001

This study was examined empirically the relationship between exogenous and endogenous variables to use internet shopping malls. Exogenous variables in our model are retrieval simpleness, quality of order treatment, web reputation, update and system quality and endogenous variables are perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and intention of using internet shopping malls. The results of the path analysis are shown as follows. All exogenous variables have a direct effect on perceived ease of use while both retrieval simpleness and update has a direct effect on perceived usefulness. The perceived ease of use has a direct effect on the intention of using internet shopping malls and has a indirect effect on the intention through perceived usefulness. Especially, web reputation among the exogenous variables has the strongest impact on the perceived ease of use and retrieval has the strongest impact on the perceived usefulness.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.47-66
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• 2003

This study was examined the relationship between the exogenous and endogenous variables in our model to measure ERP system performance using path analysis. The exogenous variables are system quality, user participation, user training, top management support and self-efficacy, and the endogenous variables are system usage, user satisfaction, and work efficiency. The results of the study are shown as follows. First, all the exogenous variables in our model have a direct effect on user satisfaction, and system quality, training, and self-efficacy have a direct effect on system usage. Second, system usage has a direct effect on user satisfaction and user satisfaction has a direct effect on work efficiency. The findings show that the exogenous variables in the model are important to increase ERP implementation success.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.27
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• pp.291-339
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• 1994

The purpose of this study is to find personal characteristics that affect users' cognitive characteristics of system, and to verify correlations between this users' cognitive characteristics and selection of system usage in using end -user searching systems (EUSS), For corroborative analysis of this study, preliminary model was constructed referring to Davis' Technology Acceptance Model. The model consists of exogenous variables (personal characteristics) , parameter variables (perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use), and effect variables (selection of system usage), When exogenous variables affect parameter variables, exogenous variables are independent variables and parameter variables are dependent variables. In addition, in correlation of parameter variables, which have been affected by exogenous variables, with effect variables, parameter variables are independent variables and effect variables are dependent variables, As for the research methodology, this study regards the Academic Information System connected with the Internet as EUSS, So questionnaires have been sent to researchers in universities who were conducting direct searching for the system. 229 valid responses to questionnaires have been analyzed according to Pearson Correlation Analysis and Stepwise Selection of Multiple Regression in the statistical software packages, 'SPSS PC+'. The findings and conclusions made in this study are summarized as follows; 1. Among the personal characteristics (age, disciplinary, computer literacy level, perceived usefulness of use education and training, perceived satisfaction of end-user searching, perceived satisfaction of system characteristics), all characteristics but age affect perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Specifically, perceived satisfaction of end user searching and perceived satisfaction of system characteristics most affect perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use respectively. 2. Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have a direct effect on selection of system usage in using EUSS. 3, Perceived usefulness more affect selection of system usage than perceived ease of use in using EUSS.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.303-313
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• 2018

This study considers time series models to forecast drug expenditures in national health insurance. We adopt autoregressive error model (ARE) and transfer function model (TFM) with segmented level and trends (before and after 2012) in order to reflect drug price reduction in 2012. The ARE has only a segmented deterministic term to increase the forecasting performance, while the TFM explains a causality mechanism of drug expenditure with closely related exogenous variables. The mechanism is developed by cross-correlations of drug expenditures and exogenous variables. In both models, the level change appears significant and the number of drug users and ratio of elderly patients variables are significant in the TFM. The ARE tends to produce relatively low forecasts that have been influenced by a drug price reduction; however, the TFM does relatively high forecasts that have appropriately reflected the effects of exogenous variables. The ARIMA model without the exogenous variables produce the highest forecasts.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.189-201
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• 2022

The study empirically examines the impact of monetary fundamentals along with global oil prices on the Pak-rupee exchange rate using the monthly data over 2001-2020. Employing the cointegrating vector autoregressive with exogenous variables (VARX) and vector error correction model with exogenous variables (VECMX), the study analyzes the impact of domestic monetary fundamentals while considering the foreign variables as weakly exogenous. In order to account for the structural breaks in the data, the Lagrange multiplier (LM) unit root test with two structural breaks has been used (Lee & Strazicich, 2003). The empirical results reveal that the domestic and foreign monetary variables significantly explain the exchange rate movements in Pakistan both in the long run and in the short run. The dynamic properties of the monetary model of exchange rate have been analyzed using the persistence profile analysis and generalized impulse response functions (GIRFs). The results reveal that the responses of shocks to domestic monetary fundamentals are consistent with the predictions of the monetary model of the exchange rate. Furthermore, being a net oil importer, a rise in global oil prices significantly depreciated the Pak-rupee exchange rate over the period of study. The global financial crisis (GFC) and pandemic (COVID-19) were also found to cause the Pak-rupee exchange rate depreciation.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.105-126
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• 2001

The objective of research is to find out exogenous variables that influence the usage and performance EDI in the Korea firms. Specifically the goals of this research are; (1) to examine relationships between exogenous variables, such as management, technology, inter-firm relationship characteristics, and EDI performance, and (2) to measure EDI volume, EDI diversity, EDI depth among Korea firms. The questionnaire consists of two versions; One for the EDI system managers and the other for the EDI users. The analysis of this study is designed as cross level to examine the causal relationship among variables in different analysis level. The reliability and validity of data was tested by explanatory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, confirmatory factor analysis, and correlation analysis. Also, the structural equation model(SEM) analysis was performed to test the usefulness of the model. The analysis results revealed that education level, IS growth, trust, support, power are major influential variables on the usage level and performance of EDI. Especially, persuasive power turned out to be more important than coercive power, and technical financial support from organizations was also found to be a significant variables.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.85-115
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• 2013

Digital knowledge and information goods as experience goods have some unique characteristics such as close to zero reproduction and distribution cost, high price volatility, and low price acceptability. For the reasons, the pricing policies of digital knowledge goods are very difficult and complicate. Also, most consumers of digital goods have experienced cognitive dissonance after buying decision. The purpose of this paper is to investigate what factors affect the price acceptability level and cognitive dissonance of digital knowledge goods buyers. This paper suggest a structural model that was established by the cognitive dissonance theory and S-O-R(Stimulus-Organization-Response) model. The model is consisted of four exogenous variables and three endogenous variables. The empirical test and statistical analysis suggest following results and practical implications. The variables such as product involvement and perception of price fairness that have positive roles to price acceptability have strong influence on the all the three endogenous variables. But the variables such as sale proneness and price mavenism that have negative roles to price acceptability have little influence on the all the three endogenous variables. In the model, the payment intention was very important mediating variable between exogenous variables and two dependent variables, ie. price acceptability and cognitive dissonance. These results imply that the digital knowledge portals must have some differentiated pricing policies to the customers who have price consciousness and price mavenism. Also, they need some special promotions to whom have positive attitude to the value of digital goods.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.939-945
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• 2014

In most of mobility enhancing plans for the transportation disabled, decisions for the investment priorities are firstly made by the facilities that have lower installation rate or lower satisfaction rate; the decisions are made without analyzing the importance factor (path loading factor) between the facility installation rate and the satisfaction rate together. In this study, a novel method of finding causality between the exogenous latent variables and the endogenous latent variables is provided by using the Structural Equation Model (SEM). The results show that the most influential facilities for the transportation disabled are bus stops, crosswalks and sidewalks in order. Also, a curb height around bus stops, a smoothness of sidewalks and installation of crosswalks traffic light are identified as an important facilities for the Transportation disabled.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.52-96
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• 1998

To find causal factors and improvement plans of organizational commitment of public servants in urban health centers, a hypothetical causal model, which included 2 endogenous variables(organizational commitment & organizational satisfaction) and 15 exogenous variables, was constructed. Exogenous variables consisted of individual factors (sex, age, education, job-grade, and annual salary), psychological variables(pride for organization, extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation and support of supervisor) ad structural variables(formalization, centralization, communication, job-conflict, job-decision, and workload). In the hypothetical causal model, organizational commitment was supposed to be effect variable, and organizational satisfaction was presumed to be intervening variable to mediate between organizational commitment and exogenous variables. For data collection, cross-sectional self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted to 1,295 public servants from 32 urban health centers nationwide. The survey responses were from 934, 72.1% of subjects. But 756 responses(58.4%) were analyzed because of excluding ones with missing values. The hypothetical causal model was fitted by covariance structural analysis with maximum likelihood method. Main results were as follows: (1) The fitted causal model accounted for 33 and 55 percent of total variance of organizational commitment and organizational satisfaction of public servants, respectively. (2) In order of effect size, pride for organization, supervisor support, communication, extrinsic motivation and centralization had an indirect effect effect on organizational commitment through organizational satisfaction. However, the effect of centralization was negative. (3) Pride for organiztion, intrinsic motivation, organizational satisfaction, job-conflict, supervisor support, communication, age, centralization, annual salar and extrinsic motivation had indirect or direct effects on organizational commitment in order of effect size. Among them, effects of job-conflict and centraldization were negative. In conclusion, these results suggested that organizational commitment of public servants in urban health centers could be enhanced by pride for organization, intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, prevention of job-conflict and excess centralization, supervisor support and active communication. Especially, pride for organization and intrinsic motivation were expected to play the most important role.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.697-707
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• 2017

In this paper, we propose a modified GARCH(p, q)-X model which is obtained by adding the exogenous variables to the modified GARCH(p, q) process. Some limiting properties are shown under various stationary and nonstationary exogenous processes which are generated by another process independent of the noise process. The proposed model extends the GARCH(1, 1)-X model studied by Han (2015) to various GARCH(p, q)-type models such as GJR GARCH, asymptotic power GARCH and VGARCH combined with exogenous process. In comparison with GARCH(1, 1)-X, we expect that many stylized facts including long memory property of the financial time series can be explained effectively by modified GARCH(p, q) model combined with proper additional covariate.