• 한국조경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국조경학회 2007년도 Journal of Landscape Architecture in Asia Vol.3
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• pp.162-167
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• 2007

The courtyard life style ever existed as the major traditional living form in wide north China areas. The research made case study and specific analysis on the space organization, constitution and order of the courtyard living, as well as the dwelling accessory manners and transfer space patterns both inside and outside of the courtyard. Pingyao ancient city as the research sample (object), its courtyard composition, classification and characteristic are studied profoundly to explore local traditional cultural traits. On upon the analysis, the research is concluded that the civil courtyard in the ancient Pingyao city bears the feature of in a continuous changing process, which represented as 'from confined to opening', 'from narrow to wide', 'from public to private'. Despite of the courtyard dwelling location and direction, all accessories architectural items on the main room roof were influenced by the geomantic omen culture. As of the inside wall body, entrance and side wall of the courtyard, the woodcraft, stone carving, brick carving on above not only could functioned in architecture artistic, but also express the traditional education spiritual feature.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.656-662
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• 2006

We fabricated thermal evaporated 10 nm-$Ni_xCo_{1-x}$ (x=0.2, 0.5 and 0.8) /(poly)Si films to form nanothick cobalt nickel composite silicides by a rapid thermal annealing at $700{\sim}1100^{\circ}C$ for 40 seconds. A field emission scanning electron microscope and a micro-Raman spectrometer were employed for microstructure and silicon residual stress characterization, respectively. We observed self-aligned micro-pinholes on single crystal silicon substrates silicidized at $1100^{\circ}C$. Raman silicon peak shift indicates that the residual tensile strain of $10^{-3}$ in single crystal silicon substrates existed after the silicide process. We propose thermal stress from silicide exothermic reaction and high temperature silicidation annealing may cause the pinholes. Those pinholes are expected to be avoided by lowering the silicidation temperature. Our results imply that we may use our newly proposed composite silicides to induce the appropriate strained layer in silicion substrates.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.361-368
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• 2012

Fe-(10, 20, 30, 40) wt%Cr alloys were corroded in $Na_2SO_4$ salts ($m.p.=884^{\circ}C$) at $800{\sim}900^{\circ}C$ for 3-300 hrs. Their corrosion resistance increased with an increase in Cr content owing to the formation of slowly growing $Cr_2O_3$. During corrosion, $Na_2SO_4$ dissociated and reacted with the alloys to form $Cr_2O_3$ and $Fe_2O_3$. Since $Fe_2O_3$ dissolved fast into the salts, most of the scales consisted primarily of $Cr_2O_3$. Inside the scale, a small amount of sulfides also existed. The oxidation, dissolution and detachment of the formed scales occurred significantly.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.131-141
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• 2019

Structural control systems have uncertainties in their structural parameters and control devices which by using reliability analysis, uncertainty can be modeled. In this paper, reliability of controlled structures equipped with semi-active Magneto-Rheological (MR) dampers is investigated. For this purpose, at first, the effect of the structural parameters and damper parameters on the reliability of the seismic responses are evaluated. Then, the reliability of MR damper force is considered for expected levels of performance. For sensitivity analysis of the parameters exist in Bouc- Wen model for predicting the damper force, the importance vector is utilized. The improved first-order reliability method (FORM), is used to reliability analysis. As a case study, an 11-story shear building equipped with 3 MR dampers is selected and numerically obtained experimental data of a 1000 kN MR damper is assumed to study the reliability of the MR damper performance for expected levels. The results show that the standard deviation of random variables affects structural reliability as an uncertainty factor. Thus, the effect of uncertainty existed in the structural model parameters on the reliability of the structure is more than the uncertainty in the damper parameters. Also, the reliability analysis of the MR damper performance show that to achieve the highest levels of nominal capacity of the damper, the probability of failure is greatly increased. Furthermore, by using sensitivity analysis, the Bouc-Wen model parameters which have great importance in predicting damper force can be identified.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.697-710
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to explore the reaction of sharia stock in the Indonesian capital market to the global Covid-19 pandemic. The method used in this study is an event study with a Market Adjusted Model (MAM) approach. The population of this study is shares listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX), with the sample chosen from the Jakarta Sharia (Islamic) Index. The result of this study found that the global Covid-19 pandemic is bad news, with the indicators as follows: a) the average expected return is negative; b) the average actual return is negative; c) the average abnormal return is negative, and d) the increase selling action of stock as a cut loss strategy. There is a negative abnormal return and significant Trading Volume Activity (TVA) before, during, and after the announcement of the global Covid-19 pandemic. However, this study found no difference in abnormal return and TVA before and after the announcement of the global Covid-19 pandemic. From these results, this study indicates that the sharia stocks in the capital market in Indonesia can respond quickly to the information that existed. Therefore, the capital market of Indonesia is a capital market with a semi-strong efficient form.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2016

Bacterial fruit blotch(BFB) of cucurbits caused by Acidovorax citrulli(Acc) continues to diminish fruit yields. The aim of this study was to address whether two genetically distinct populations of Acc are present in watermelon-growing fields in Korea. For this purpose, we used the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction(ERIC-PCR) profiling and substrate-utilization profiles. According to the results of ERIC-PCR, group I and II strains showed clearly differentiated PCR-based fingerprinting profiles. Differences between group I and II strains included amplification of unique, group-specific DNA fragments such as the 1.3-, 0.28-, and 0.25-kb fragments in ERIC-PCR. Acc stains belonging to group I did not use L-leucine, whereas group II strains did use the substrate. Our results support the genetic differentiation of Acc strains into two groups and demonstrate that Acc strains from both groups are previously existed in watermelon-growing fields in Korea. Information about the genetic diversity of Acc under the present study will help scientists and managers form strategies to control BFB.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.626-634
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 강원도내 4개의 폐금속광산에서 발생되는 광미와 주변 토양의 중금속 오염현황 및 오염도를 평가하였다. 광미와 주변 토양의 오염정도는 총 중금속농도 기준으로 원동>제2연화>신예미${\fallingdotseq}$상동 순이었으며, 이들 광미는 배경토양 및 Kloke 값보다 각각 $1.2{\sim}78.2$와 $1.1{\sim}80.6$배가 높은 농도로서 주변 토양을 오염시키고 있었다. 광미내 대다수 중금속의 화합물형태는 잔류성이 대부분이었다. 비잔류형태 화합물에서는 상당부분이 환원성과 산화성이어서 장기간에 걸쳐 산화환경조건에 따라 중금속이 유출될 것으로 보이며 특히, 제2연화의 Cd은 교환성과 탄산염 화합물이 쉽게 유출되어 단기간에 주변 환경을 오염시킬 가능성이 클 것으로 판단된다. 우리나라 토양오염기준치의 초과여부 검토결과 많은 시료에서 토양환경보전법의 우려기준 및 대책기준 이상인 것으로 나타나 이에 대한 처리대책이 필요하였다. PI에 의한 오염도평가에서는 4개의 광산지역 모두 1.0 이상보다 훨씬 높아 오염정도가 심각하였으며 복원시 최우선 광산은 원동이었다. 또한, DI에 의한 복원수준정도 평가결과에서 원동광산은 단기간에 유출 가능한 교환성부터, 나머지 광산은 중 장기간에 걸쳐 유출되는 환원성부터 우선적으로 제거해야 할 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.151-158
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• 2012

Objectives : We hypothesized that reinforcing-reducing manipulations produce different effects by quantity of stimulation, and examined whether the difference is statistically significant or not. Methods : The study was conducted to the students of College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University. We needled into $ST_{36}$ and applied 6 kinds of basic reinforcing-reducing manipulations in Huang di nei jing by randomized sequence. And we had the students to fill up the questionnaire in form of visual analog scale(VAS). We examined whether significant differences in VAS existed between reinforcing-reducing manipulations(by t-test). And we examined whether significant differences in VDRRT(VAS difference between reinforcing-reducing technique) values existed along the gender, body mass index(BMI), age(by t-test), and psychological sensitivity(by ANOVA). Results : 1. The total stimulation quantity from reducing technique was significantly higher than that from reinforcing technique. Individually VAS values of reducing techniques were significantly higher in rotation, slow-rapid, lift-thrust, respiration and open-close manipulation. 2. The highest stimulation quantity was from rotation manipulation. And the highest VDRRT value was from slow-rapid manipulation. 3. When VDRRT values were analyzed by gender, age, BMI, and psychological sensitivity, VDRRT was significantly different by BMI in rotation manipulation, and by psychological sensitivity in rotation, lift-thrust, and slow-rapid manipulation. Conclusions : We could verify that reinforcing-reducing techniques induce different therapeutic effects by different quantities of stimulations. It suggests that reinforcing-reducing techniques could be applied universally, regardless of gender or age. Further studies are needed to consider control group, or patient groups in characteristic conditions.

• 대기
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.29-40
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• 2017

The $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ particles over the Yellow Sea of Korea were collected by ship-borne observation during two cruises in spring, 2015. Their water-soluble ionic components such as $NH_4^+$, $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $SO_4^{2-}$, $NO_3^-$, $Cl^-$, $F^-$, $CH_3COO^-$, $HCOO^-$, and $CH_3SO_3^-$ were analyzed, in order to examine the pollution characteristics of the secondary aerosol components. The comparative study of particle size distribution has resulted that $NH_4^+$, $nss-SO_4^{2-}$, $nss-Mg2+$, $nss-K^+$, $HCOO^-$, and $CH_3SO_3^-$ species mostly existed in fine particle mode. Meanwhile, nss-F-and sea-salt species were distributed in both fine and coarse particle mode, $NO_3^-$, $nss-Ca^{2+}$, $CH_3COO^-$ species were rich in coarse particle mode. The concentrations of secondary pollutants($nss-SO_4^{2-}$, $NO_3^-$, $NH_4^+$) increased in fine particles, and those of natural components ($nss-Ca^{2+}$, Sea-salt) increased in coarse particles. $NH_4^+$ exists as the form of $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ and $NH_4NO_3$, and mostly as $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ in fine particles. $NH_4NO_3$ has lower content compared to $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, and it mostly existed in fine particles at Yellow Sea I and in coarse particles at Yellow Sea II. The concentration ratios of $NO_3^-/nss-SO_4^{2-}$ for Yellow Sea I and Yellow Sea II were 0.52 and 0.16 in coarse particles, and they were 0.64 and 0.38 in fine particles, respectively, showing that the stationary source emissions were more important than mobile source emissions in Yellow Sea II (except Passage II-4).

• 건축역사연구
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.59-80
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to investigate the history, space structures, blueprint, and techniques of the construction of Nam-hea city walls. Nam-hea city walls were relocated in 1439 from Whagumhun-Sansung(火金峴山城) to the present site, nearby Nam-hea Um.(南海邑) The city walls were rebuilt after they were demolished during Japanese invasion on Korea in 1592 and their reconstruction was also done in 1757. At present, the city walls only partially remained due to the urbanization of the areas around them. A plane form of the City wall is a square, and the circumference os approximately 1.3km. According to the literature, the circumference of the castle walls is 2,876尺, the height is 13尺, and the width is 13尺 4寸. Hang-Kyo(鄕校). SaGikDan(社稷壇), YoeDan(厲壇), SunSo(船所) which is a harbor, as well as government and public offices such as Kaek-Sa(客舍) and Dong-Hun(東軒) existed inside the castle walls. Inside the castle walls were one well, five springs, one ditch, and one pond, and in the castle walls, four castle gates, three curved castle walls, and 590 battlements existed. The main government offices inside castle walls were composed of Kaek-Sa, Dong-Hun, and Han-Chung(鄕廳) their arrangements were as follows. Kaek-Sa was situated toward North. Dong-Hun was situated in the center of the west castle walls. The main roads were constructed to connect the North and South castle gate, and subsidiary roads were constructed to connect the East and West castle gate. The measurement used in the blueprint for castle wall was Pobaek-scale(布帛尺:1尺=46.66cm), and one side of it was 700尺. South and North gate were constructed in the center of South and North castle wall, and curved castle walls was situated there. One bastion was in the west of curved castle walls and two bastions were in the east of curved castle walls. The east gate was located in the five eighths of in the east castle wall. Two bastions were situated in the north, on bastion in the south, one bastion in the south, and four bastions in the west castle wall. The castle walls were constructed in the following order: construction of castle field, construction of castle foundation, construction of castle wall, and cover the castle foundation. The techniques used in the construction of the castle walls include timber pile(friction pile), replacement method by excavation.