• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.279-286
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• 2010

Livestock production in Vietnam is, as in most Asian countries, increasing rapidly and changing into specialized highly intensified operations. The volume of animal excreta generated exceeds the capacity of the operation land base and cannot be utilized efficiently. As a consequence, there is a loss of plant nutrients from livestock farms that causes environmental pollution. This study carried out a feed and excretion experiment measuring fecal characteristic, daily fecal production, daily nitrogen and phosphorous excretion from grower-finisher pigs fed prevalent rations in Vietnam. Furthermore, equations for assessing the excretion were tested, which can be used in farm models for optimal recycling of manure while focusing on reducing pollution. The results indicated that fecal production and nutrient excretion were affected by the different rations tested. This study showed that five selected equations for predicting excretion from grower-finisher pigs in Danish conditions can also be used with precision in Vietnamese pig farming systems. The equations have been proven valid and can, therefore, be used as a much needed tool for assessing fecal production and nitrogen in excreta on pig farms. The study also showed that about 12% of nitrogen excreted was emitted during housing. Waste water contains more than half of the nitrogen excreted, mainly in ammonium form which has a high potential for gaseous emission.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.257-264
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• 2009

본 시험은 사료 내 phytase 첨가가 산란계의 분뇨 배설량 및 질소와 인의 배설량에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 수행되었다. 시험에 사용된 닭은 1일령 ISA Brown종 산란계(평균체중 $44.7{\pm}1.5\;g$) 360수이며, 65주령에 걸쳐서 분뇨 배설량 및 55주령에서 phytase의 첨가에 따른 총 배설량과 질소와 인의 배설량에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 시험 사료는 옥수수-대두박 위주의 육계 사료를 육성기와 산란기로 분류하고, 육성기는 초생추(0~5주령), 중추(5~12주령), 대추(12~16주령)와 산란 전(16주령~초란), 산란기는 산란 초기(초란~32주령), 전기(32~45주령), 후기(45~55주령), 말기(55주령~)로 나누어 급여했다. Phytase의 첨가에 따른 55주령의 산란계 총 배설량 및 질소와 인의 배설량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 후기 기초사료에 phytase(0, 300, 600 FTU/kg)를 첨가하여, 총 3처리구, 처리구당 10수씩 대조구와 유사한 체중별로 선별하여 완전임의 배치하였다. 산란계의 전 시험기간 중 평균 체중과 사료 섭취량, 음수량 및 분뇨 배설량은 각각 1,622 과 105.7 g, 187.2 mL 및 124.7 g/수/일로 조사되었다. Phytase의 첨가에 따른 분뇨 배설량은 건물(33.2, 31.2, 30.5 g/일) 및 질소(0.46, 0.42, 0.40 g/일)와 인(0.51, 0.49, 0.48 g/일)으로서 Phytase의 첨가에 따라 감소하였으며, phytase의 첨가량에 따른 차이는 없었다. 그러나 건물 분뇨 배설량에서 phytase 무첨가구와 300 FTU/kg phytase 첨가구간에는 유의적 차이가 없었다. 본 시험을 통하여 산란계의 총 배설량 및 질소와 인의 배설량을 조사하고, 단기간의 phytase 첨가도 산란계의 분뇨 배설량 및 질소와 인의 배설량을 감소시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제17권sup호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2011

본 시험은 사료내 phytase 첨가가 육성비육돈의 생산량과 분뇨 배설량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행하였다. 3원 교잡종 (Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace ${\times}$ Duroc) 육성비육돈 80수를 공시하였으며, 처리구는 phytase 첨가 유무에 따른 2처리구, 처리구당 5반복, 반복당 8수씩을 육성비육돈의 체중 (50, 80, 110 kg)에 따라 3단계로 나누어 phytase 첨가 유무 (0, 500 FTU/kg)와 육성 비육돈 성장 3단계 (육성I기, 육성II기, 비육기)의 $2{\times}3$ 복합요인으로 7일간씩 수행하였다. 육성비육돈의 성장 단계에 따른 개시체중은 각각 $58.6{\pm}3.9$, $83.2{\pm}3.8$ 및 $111.4{\pm}5.4kg$ 이었다. 증체량은 phytase 첨가구가 무첨가구에 비해 높았으며 (P<0.01), 성장 단계별로 보면 육성II기의 증체량이 가장 높고, 비육기의 증체량이 가장 낮았다(P<0.05). 사료요구율은 phytase 무첨가구가 첨가구에 비해 높게 나타났으며, 비육기의 사료요구율이 가장 높았다 (P<0.05). 사료섭취량과 음수량은 성장 단계와 phytase 첨가 유무에 따른 섭취량의 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다 (p>0.05). 분의 배설량은 성장 단계에 따라 감소하였으며 (p<0.05), phytase 첨가구가 무첨가구에 비해 감소하였다 (p<0.01). 뇨의 배설량은 처리구간 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 질소와 인의 섭취량은 phytase 첨가 유무와 성장 단계에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 질소의 배설량은 phytase와 성장 단계에 따른 차이가 없었으나, 인의 배설량은 phytase 첨가구에서 감소하였다. 질소와 인의 배설율은 phytase 첨가구가 무첨가구에 비해 감소하였다 (P<0.05).

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.255-263
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• 2011

본 시험은 사료 내 phytase 첨가가 육계 암수의 생산성과 분뇨 배설량 및 질소와 인의 배설량에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 수행하였다. 공시계는 1일령 Ross종 육계(평균체중 $44.7{\pm}1.5$ g) 192수를 선별하였으며, 육계의 성별(male, female)과 phytase 첨가 유무(0, 300 FTU/kg)에 따라 $2{\times}2$의 총 4처리구, 처리당 4반복, 반복당 12수씩 체중별로 완전임의 배치하였다. 시험 사료는 육계 초기(0~2주), 전기(2~4주)와 후기(4~7주)의 기초 사료에 phytase를 첨가하였다. 증체량은 수컷이 암컷에 비해 높게 나타났으며, phytase 첨가구가 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 사료 섭취량은 수컷이 암컷에 비해 높았으며, phytase 첨가 유무에 따른 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). 사료 효율은 phytase 첨가구의 수컷에서 가장 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 분뇨 배설량은 수컷이 높게 나타났으며, phytase 첨가구에서 감소하였다(P<0.05). 질소와 인의 배설량은 수컷이 높았으며, phytase 무첨가구가 첨가구에 비해 높았다(P<0.05). 따라서, 사료 내 파이타제 첨가 시 육계의 생산성이 개선되고, 분뇨, 질소 및 인의 배설량이 감소된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.1000-1006
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• 2004

Selenium and vitamin E are micronutrients essential for normal health and maintenance in poultry. They are necessary in preventing free radical damage to phospholipid membranes, enzymes and other important molecules. Two experiments were conducted in a semi-commercial environment to examine the effect of Se source and vitamin E level in diet on broiler performance and meat quality. Increasing vitamin E from 50 IU to 100 IU did not affect growth performance of broilers although the 24 h drip-loss was tended to be reduced (p=0.06). There was an interaction between vitamin E and the source of Se in glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px) and Se concentration in excreta. Increasing vitamin E from 50 IU to 100 IU elevated GSH-Px and Se concentration in excreta by 42 IU/g Hb and 0.9 ppm for the organic Se group, respectively, but reduced GSH-Px and Se concentration in excreta by 16 IU/g Hb and 1.3 ppm for inorganic group, respectively. Vitamin E played no role in the feather coverage of the birds when scored on day 37. Organic Se is more effective in improving feather score and 24 h drip-loss, with a markedly higher deposition rate in breast muscle and a lower excretion rate in the excreta (p<0.05) compared to the inorganic Se source. Both vitamin E and the source of Se did not affect (p>0.05) the energy utilisation by birds.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.133-138
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• 1994

A study of concurrent bioassay for protein quality and energy level in protein sources was rnade by determining urinary nitrogenous compounds in excreta. The carry over effect of previous feeding was eliminated by 48 h of feeding the experimental diets prior to the determination of for protein digestibility and utilizability, and energy digestibility and metabolizability at 24 h interval during 3 days. Then, protein qualities and energy levels for soybean meal, rapeseed meal and fish meal were calculated by a substitution method. Apparent protein utilization (NB/NI) was affected by the increased fecal nitrogen excretion in soybean meal and by the increased urinary nitrogen excretion in rapeseed meal and fish meal. The apparent metabolizability of energy (ME/GE) was affected by the fecal energy excretion in soybean meal and rapeseed meal and by urinary energy excretion in fishmeal. The results indicated that the concurrent bioassay of protein quality and energy levels in ingredients appears to be applicable to chickens of other age, sex, breeds and environmental conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.384-394
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• 2001

In order to prevent pollution from animal waste, P, N and pharmacological level minerals should be properly managed. Microbial phytase has been used successfully to control P excretion. Activity of natural phytase in certain plant feedstuffs is high enough to be considered in feed formulation. Nitrogen control can be achieved through amino acid supplementation and protein restriction in the diet. Supplementation with carbohydrases reduces output of excreta as well as N. Ammonia release from the manure could be reduced by using a low crude protein diet along with the supplementation with probiotics products. Excretion of minerals used at pharmacological level can be reduced by using chelated forms. Cu and Zn in the form of methionine chelate have been successfully used in the broiler and pig diets.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.37-54
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• 2019

The groundwater quality through livestock excreta survey based on "Act of the management and use of livestock excreta" was investigated by selecting sampling sites within 1 km of the farmland without considering hydrogeological units. However, these sites can be affected by various pollution sources such as chemical fertilizers and livestock excretions. Additionally, the effects of pollution sources on groundwater quality in the sites cannot be clearly distinguished from naturally occurring backgrounds. In this study, a method was developed to select the sampling sites for groundwater quality through livestock excreta survey in order to understand the effects of pollution sources especially livestock excreta. First, the concentrations of nitrate within the radius of 200 m, 300 m, 500 m and 750 m, respectively, from the farms regarded as pollution sources in hydrogeological units were compared in 2016-2017. All the nitrate concentrations at 200 - 500 m from the farms exceeded a background concentration, 13.3 mg/L. Those at 750 m and the background concentrations measured by the Ministry of Environment were comparable. Therefore, the appropriate radius was suggested as 500 m for livestock excretions survey. In this study, the areas within 500 m from the farms could be considered under the influence of livestock excretions, while those beyond 500 from the pollution sources as background in hydrogeological units. The developed method was validated by applying it to the sites selected based on both administrative divisions and watersheds for livestock excretion survey. The average densities for the developed method were 0.82 and 0.39 points/km2, respectively, which were considered as appropriate levels according to those of the European Environmental Agency.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.141-151
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• 2000

Over-grown seaweeds in Donghae(east sea of Korea peninsula) may impedes ocean environment, however, they can be a good nutrient resources for poultry feeds if they are utilized properly. In this study, seaweeds powder were tested for laying hens\` ration to investigate the effects on egg production rate, egg quality and calcium phosphorus excretion. One hundred 65wks-old brown layers were fed for 5 weeks alotted with seaweeds powder addition to experimental diet by 0(control), 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%, respectively, and obtained following results; 1. Seaweeds proved a mid-protein low-energy feed resources with planty of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Sr and Fe. 2. Seaweeds addition by 0.5% and 1.0% improved egg production rate and egg-mass output markedly(p<0.05) than control. Seaweeds addition did not alter cholesterol level of yolk and yolk index, however egg shell thickness showed increasing trend by increasing seaweeds addition level. 3. Protein absorption and digestibility in seaweed addition treatments were significantly higher(p<0.05) than control group and protein contents of excreta in 0.5% and 1.0% treatments were reduced(p<0.05), which suggests effective protein metabolism for egg production. Increasing seaweeds addition reduces Ca and P contents in rectum and excreta, suggesting Ca and P utilization improvement in laying hens and lessening soil pollution. 4. In conclusion, seaweeds addition in layers' diet by 1.0% level improves egg-mass production and might be egg quality by increasing metabolism of protein, calcium and phosphorus.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.133-144
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• 1995

One metabolism trial(Experiment I) and another respiration trial(Experiment II) were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fiber supplementation(20% wheat bran) on the water balance, blood acid-base balance, body temperature, and metabolic rate of heat-stressed adult roosters. In Experiment I, twenty 20-wk-old SCWL roosters(BW 1.6 kg) were randomly alloted to 4 treatments with 5 birds per treatment and one per replicate. The 4 treatments were consisted of two temperature(21~22˚C vs. 34~35˚C) and two dietary fiber treatment(0% and 20% wheat bran), making Experiment I a 2x2 factorial. After 4 d of preliminary period, birds we subjected to 3-d collection period. Sixteen 20-wk-old SCWL roosters(BW 1.6 kg) were employed Experiment H, with two temperature(21~22˚C vs. 34~35˚C) and two wheat bran levels(0% and 20%). Brids were housed in individual metabolism cages under normal temperature(21~22˚C), at fed one of the experimental diet. After 4 d of preliminary period, a respiration trial with open-circuit gravimetric respiratory apparatus was carried out for each bird for 6 h, one by one, normal(20~21˚C) and hot(34~35˚C) temperatures. The ANOVA test and comparisons among treatment means were done at 5% probability level for both experiments. Results obtained from Experiment I and, II were summarized as follows, 1.The amounts of DM intake and excretion were significantly(P<.05) decreased by heat stress. The DM intake was not affected by the addition of 20% wheat bran, however, the amount of DM excretion was significantly increased by the high fiber diet. Thus, the DM metabolizability decreased significantly by the addition of 20% wheat bran. 2. The heat-stressed roosters increased the water intake and excreta moisture content significantly. Although not significant, the water intake tended to increase in roosters fed the 20% wheat bran diet. 3. The amounts of total water input and evaporative water loss were increased significantly by heat stress, and the addition of 20% wheat bran did not exert any influence on the total water input and evaporative water loss. However, roosters fed the 20% wheat bran diet increased the excreta water output significantly. 4. Neither the heat stress nor the dietary fiber did affect the blood pH, pCO2, and HCO$_3$- significantly. 5. The body temperature increased significantly by the heat stress. However, the high fiber deit failed to decrease the body temperature. 6. The heat-stressed roosters decreased the 02 consumption and C0$_2$ production, and increased the evaporative water loss significantly. However, the high fiber diet did not exert any infulence in this regard. It appears that the beneficial effect, if any, of high fibrous diet during heat stress episode may be due to the increased heat loss through the enhanced excreta water.