• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.331-337
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• 2024

우리나라 정부의 각 위원회 운영 근거 법령에는 제척(除斥)이라는 제도를 운영한다. 제척은 해당 위원회의 위원이 사안이나 안건을 심의 또는 의결하기 전, 특별한 절차를 거칠 필요 없이 공정성을 해칠 수 있는 사유만으로 당연히 당해 사안이나 안건의 심의 또는 의결을 할 수 없도록 배제하는 제도이다. 심의 및 의결에 대한 위원의 제척은 해당 안건이나 사안의 당사자의 이익 보호와 분쟁의 평화적 해결을 위해서도 필수적으로 요구될 뿐만 아니라 앞선 공정이라는 신뢰를 위해서도 매우 중요한 가치이기 때문이다. 그러나 제척 사유가 있는 위원에 대해 실무적으로 제척 원인이 있다는 사유만으로 당연히 당해 사안이나 안건의 직무집행을 할 수 없다고 판단하는 것이 쉽지 않다. 사실상 현실에 맞지 않는 사문화(死文化)된 제척 규정은 삭제하고 현재의 이해충돌 쟁점에 맞게 법률 개정 등이 시급히 필요한 시점이다. 특히, 제척 규정을 해석하여 제척 여부에 해당하는지를 결정하는 구조 또한 개선되어야 한다. 따라서 해당 연구에서는 국내 법령상의 9개 위원회를 선정하여 제척 규정을 분석하고, 제척 규정을 카테고리화하였다. 이 분석을 통해 위원회의 위원의 제척 규정에 대한 차후 입법 개선안 등을 마련하는데 기여하고자 한다.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.401-412
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• 2023

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to analyze cases and suggest implications regarding the exclusion of the agreement tax rate according to the processing process standards of the FTA rules of origin. Design/methodology/approach - In this study, cases in which export and import companies were excluded from applying the agreed tax rate due to the application of processing operation standards after the application of the FTA were analyzed, focusing on the Tax Tribunal precedents, and a literature study was conducted. Findings - The results of this study analyzed through cases of appeal and verification of exclusion from application of the agreement are as follows. Research implications or Originality - Research on FTA cases is active, but this study is differentiated in that it focuses on analyzing cases of exclusion from application of negotiated tax rates based on meeting the processing process standards applied to fields such as textiles and chemicals in FTA.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제32권
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• pp.29-56
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• 2006

This article primarily concerns the various aspects of the rules to control express terms particularly in standard form which seek to absolve either wholly or in part from the seller's liability for non-conforming goods. It describes and analyzes in detail how English law regulates such terms. In this analysis, it places the following questions; first, whether each jurisdiction treats the seller's liability for non-conformity in quality and quantity as mandatory rules, second, if it does, to what extent it is treated so and third, if not, in what way it controls the seller's attempt to exclude or restrict his liability for non-conformity in quality and quantity. In addition, it attempts to compare the rules under English law with those under Korean law and to evaluate them in light of the discipline of comparative law. In an attempt to evaluate them, it asks the question of whether a solution from one jurisdiction may facilitate the systematic development and reform of another jurisdiction. The evaluation is based upon the idea that the problems of fairness associated with the use of standard terms occur where the customer is unfairly taken by surprise due to his ignorance of the terms, or where even if he knows of the substance of the terms and objects to it, he is met with a take-it-or-leave-it situation.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.107-124
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• 2020

Purpose - We assess the trade remedies rules in a host of Korea's FTAs to explore the trade policies for the effective implementation of FTA trade remedies rules. Also we develop the strategies of the future FTA negotiations of trade remedies rules. Design/methodology - After we review the key features of FTA trade remedies rules, we examine whether the rules are WTO-consistent or not. Next, we touch upon the WTO-plus characteristics of some provisions. Our main methodology is to compare the trade remedies rules in the numerous Korea's FTAs. Another methodology is to link those rules to the relevant WTO agreements and WTO dispute cases with a view to drawing lessons for trade policies and FTA negotiations. Findings - We find that most of the trade remedies rules are WTO-consistent. Moreover, we find that notification and consultation requirment, mandatory lesser duty rule, explicit prohibition of zeroing method, and public interest clause are WTO-plus. We also find that there are limitiations in the application of some global safeguard exclusion rules because of their non-mandatory nature. Originality/value - While most of previous studies focus mainly on the unique aspects of specific FTAs, our study analyzes comprehensively the trade remedies rules in the various Korea's FTAs. Based on the comprehensive analysis, we figure out the areas to be clarified and improved for the effective implementation of FTAs and the strategies for the future FTA trade remedies negotiations. As a consequence, our paper is expected to contribute to the academic research on FTA policies as well as the national economy.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제71권
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• pp.147-170
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• 2016

International maritime law conventions concerned with cargo liabilities have sought to achieve solutions which will be acceptable to a wide range of states. The Rotterdam Rules was approved by the UN Assembly on 11 December 2008. The Rotterdam Rules are intended to replace The Hague and Hamburg Rules. This paper is comparing The Rotterdam Rules with The Hague and Hamburg Rules for the carrier' liabilities and exceptions in order to find carrier' liability System, the burden of proof and exceptions in the International maritime Rules. The purpose of this paper is considering the carrier's principal recourse for defending himself inmost cargo claims. The first area analyze the transfer of carrier's fundamental Liability system in the International Rules. The second is the matter on the appointment of proof in order to establish liability or to be relieve of liability. And the third is the change of the carrier's possible exclusions from liability in the International maritime Rules. From the result of the said analysis, my paper suggests differences of the exclusions in the Rotterdam Rules comparing with the Hague and Hamburg Rules, and features of the Rotterdam Rules appling exceptions on the basis of the Hague and Hamburg Rules with regard to carrier's liability and burden of proof. The former is the inclusion of three exclusions, the deleted natural fault, and The provision making the carrier responsible for the acts of its servants or agents in the 'fire on the ship' of the Rotterdam Rules. The latter is deleting the principle of overriding obligation related to carrier's obligation of seaworthiness in the Rotterdam Rules, the burden of proof being diverted from the carrier to the carrier and the shipper in the cargo damage caused by two factors(one for which the carrier was liable and the other for which it was excusable) in the new rules.

• 사물인터넷융복합논문지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.77-87
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• 2023

네트워크 침입 탐지 작업에 다양한 연관 규칙 마이닝 알고리즘을 적용하는 데에는 두 가지 중요한 문제가 있다. 생성된 규칙 집합의 크기가 너무 커서 IoT 시스템에서 활용하기 어렵고, 거짓 부정/긍정 비율을 제어하기 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 coverage와 exclusion이라는 새로 정의된 척도에 기반을 둔 연관 규칙 마이닝 알고리즘을 제안한다. Coverage는 한 클래스의 트랜잭션에서 패턴이 발견되는 빈도를 나타내고, exclusion은 다른 클래스의 트랜잭션에서 패턴이 발견되지 않는 빈도를 나타낸다. 우리는 KDDcup99라는 공개 데이터 세트를 사용하여 가장 유명한 알고리즘인 Apriori 알고리즘과 실험적으로 제안된 알고리즘을 비교한다. Apriori와 비교하여 제안된 알고리즘은 정확도를 완전히 유지하면서 생성되는 규칙 집합 크기를 최대 93.2%까지 줄인다. 또한, 제안된 알고리즘은 생성된 규칙의 거짓 부정/긍정 비율을 매개변수별로 완벽하게 제어한다. 따라서 네트워크 분석가는 두 가지 문제를 해결함으로써 제안한 연관 규칙 마이닝을 네트워크 침입 탐지 작업에 효과적으로 적용할 수 있다.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.242-256
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to describe and understand the characteristics of morphological, contextual as relational aggression among 4-year old children during free play periods. The ethnographic methods included participants observation of children's play interaction behaviors, field notes, video taping and analysis of transcribed date. The results are as exclusion occurred by group power taking the relational attribute, including direct language, while the other would not be revealed easily other than being in line with real relation. Also as follows; proactive relational aggression was more frequently observed in girls, and their major strategies employed against someone they disliked were ignoring them, distorting play-rules, and so on. Major strategies of reactive relational aggression in girls were largely manipulative in nature, for example, 'threatrning their friend' and 'withdrawal of friendship'.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.252-256
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 코아제품의 일정계획시스템을 개발한 사례연구를 다룬다. 각 제품의 납기를 준수하기 위하여 작업배정과 작업처리순서의 결정을 하는 일정계획 알고리즘과 일정계획시스템을 개발하였다. 개발된 일정계획시스템은 클라이언트/서버 환경에서 작동되며, 중요한 정보는 필요할 때마다 사용할 수 있도록 데이터베이스로 저장되었다. 대상업체에 대한 일정 계획시스템의 개발로 수작업의 배제, 생산계획과 관련된 업무처리시간의 단축, 재고량의 감축 둥과 같은 성과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.736-746
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• 2002

한국어에는 복합문에서 영 대용이 빈번하게 발생하여 해석을 어렵게 한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 한국어 영 대용어 처리를 위해 복합문 분해 알고리즘과 복합문 영 대용어 복원 규칙을 제안하고, 해결방법을 제시한다. 본 논문은 신문 기사의 복합문 중에서 보조용언 내포문을 제외한 인용문, 접속문, 내포문을 처리 대상으로 한다. 복합문 분해를 위해서는 복합문 구성에 관여하는 어미들의 어미 분류표를 이용하고, 영 대용어 복원을 위해서는 생략될 때 적용된 통사규칙을 역으로 이용한다. 인용문은 주어 인칭제약에 따른 동일 명사구 탈락규칙을, 명사화 내포문은 동일 명사구 탈락규칙을, 관형화 내포문은 관계 명사구 탈락규칙을 그리고 접속문은 접속 삭감규칙을 역으로 이용하여 처리한다. 제안한 방법을 이용한 결과 전체 영 대용어 중 83.53%가 해결 가능하며 11.52%는 부분적으로 해결 가능하다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제19권
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• pp.7-31
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• 2003

The governments of almost countries have the rules and procedures that the purchasing entities have to follow, in order to ensure that the best value for money spent is obtained in procuring goods and services. However, there are often some of important problems in their rules relating to government procurement. Namely, almost countries have a variety of discriminatory regulations for foreign suppliers in the government procurement laws with the object of national security, economic welfare, and protection of domestic market from international competition. For this reason, several advanced countries had reached the Plurilateral Agreement on Government Procurement during Tokyo Round(1973-1979) and Uruguay Round(1986-1994). However, the provisions of two agreements do not apply to all products made by the government but only to those made by purchasing entities specified by each member country in its list in the Appendix. Accordingly, the size of goods and services purchased from foreign suppliers were comparatively not large. As we know well, the United States have spent a large amount of money from federal and state government budget. But the portion of procurement from foreign suppliers is still small, compared with the portion of procurement from domestic suppliers. The main reason are that U.S. has applied for long time the so-called Buy American Act to government procurement positively and maintained many kinds of other domestic regulations which have discriminatory provisions for foreign goods and foreign suppliers. On the recognition of these points, this thesis deals with the Buy American Act and other U.S. domestic laws, regional and bilateral, and plurilateral agreements including WTO Agreement on Government Procurement. As a result, the author found that there are several concerns and problems in the U.S. regulations relating to government procurement. It include the provisions on priority procurement of U.S.-produced products, local contents requirements, set-aside procurement from small business, and exclusion of preferential procurement from the developing countries.