• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.219-224
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• 2003

1,4-Dioxane is used as a solvent for lacquers, paints, varnish removers, dye baths and printing compositions. And it is also used for detergent preparations, cosmetics, deodorants and fumigants. A method is described for the determination of 1,4-dioxane in water samples by GC/MS. The extraction recoveries were studied for some solvents and solvent volume ratio were investigated using r-butyl methyl ether (MTBE). Optimum condition was obtained by the liquid-liquid extraction using the 10 mL of MTBE for 10 mL of water. Method detection limit of 1,4-dioxane in the 20 mL of water samples was 0.05 ng/mL. It could be determined in the range of 0.24∼240 ng/mL in treated water, and in the range of 0.69∼81.9 ng/mL in raw water, respectively. Risk assessments with 1,4-dioxane exposure by drinking water ingestion were carried out. Based on the results of analysis, chronic daily intake of 1,4-dioxane was 2.22${\times}$10$\^$-4/ mg/kg/day and excess cancer risk was calcu-lated to be 2.44${\times}$10$\^$-6/.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.207-212
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• 2021

A buffer overflow attack is carried out to subvert privileged program functions to gain control of the program and thus control the host. Buffer overflow attacks should be prevented by risk managers by eradicating and detecting them before the software is utilized. While calculating the size, correct variables should be chosen by risk managers in situations where fixed-length buffers are being used to avoid placing excess data that leads to the creation of an overflow. Metamorphism can also be used as it is capable of protecting data by attaining a reasonable resistance level [1]. In addition, risk management teams should ensure they access the latest updates for their application server products that support the internet infrastructure and the recent bug reports [2]. Scanners that can detect buffer overflows' flaws in their custom web applications and server products should be used by risk management teams to scan their websites. This paper presents an experiment of buffer overflow vulnerability and attack. The aims to study of a buffer overflow mechanism, types, and countermeasures. In addition, to comprehend the current detection plus prevention approaches that can be executed to prevent future attacks or mitigate the impacts of similar attacks.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2023

Low-dose radiation exposure has received considerable attention because it reflects the general public's type and level of exposure. Still, controversy remains due to the relatively unclear results and uncertainty in risk estimation compared to high-dose radiation. However, recent epidemiological studies report direct evidence of health effects for various types of low-dose radiation exposure. In particular, international nuclear workers' studies, CT exposure studies, and children's cancer studies on natural radiation showed significantly increased cancer risk among the study populations despite their low-dose radiation exposure. These studies showed similar results even when the cumulative radiation dose was limited to an exposure group of less than 100 mGy, demonstrating that the observed excess risk was not affected by high exposure. A linear dose-response relationship between radiation exposure and cancer incidence has been observed, even at the low-dose interval. These recent epidemiological studies include relatively large populations, and findings are broadly consistent with previous studies on Japanese atomic bomb survivors. However, the health effects of low-dose radiation are assumed to be small compared to the risks that may arise from other lifestyle factors; therefore, the benefits of radiation use should be considered at the individual level through a balanced interpretation. Further low-dose radiation studies are essential to accurately determining the benefits and risks of radiation.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.45-53
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• 2002

A company's market value-added, which equals the excess of a company's market capitalization over it s book value, is used as one of the measures for intangible assets valuation in accounting literature. One problem with the approach is that the valuation results are affected by severe fluctuations in capital markets. In this paper, we propose an approach using the Kalman filter for intangible assets valuation. We apply this method to data of Korean electronic companies.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.309-310
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• 1995

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.126-135
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• 2009

Recently, operation of highway is the complex digital Infrastructure based on complicated IT. The application of IT is increasing more and more in digital Infrastructure. Though IT is very convenient, if unpredicted operating risk of highway occurs, widespread damage can be large. When operating risk of highway occurs, road users are out of smoothly-run service because of the operating interruption. This risk causes unpredicted operating management cost and additional maintenance cost. It will excess over the planned operating cost, which may leads to users's unsafety and operator's insolvency because of income loss. Until now, related studies to find out the risk are not sufficient. The purpose of this study is to suggest risk cost items and to estimate the reasonable risk cost by using simulation method in case of occurring the huge power failure at the operating digitalized highway. This study indicates the several plans to hedge against risk cost and the management of highway project. From now on, it will be used as basic data to confirm the soundness of operating system in Digital Infrastructure.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.87-93
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• 2017

Purpose - This paper investigates whether managerial overconfidence is associated with firm-specific crash risk. Overconfidence leads managers to overestimate the returns of their investment projects, and misperceive negative net present value projects as value creating. They even use voluntary disclosures to convey their optimistic beliefs about the firms' long-term prospects to the stock market. Thus, the overconfidence bias can lead to managerial bad news hoarding behavior. When bad news accumulates and crosses some tipping point, it will come out all at once, resulting in a stock price crash. Research design, data and methodology - 7,385 firm-years used for the main analysis are from the KIS Value database between 2006 and 2013. This database covers KOSPI-listed and KOSDAQ-listed firms in Korea. The proxy for overconfidence is based on excess investment in assets. A residual from the regression of total asset growth on sales growth run by industry-year is used as an independent variable. If a firm has at least one crash week during a year, it is referred to as a high crash risk firm. The dependant variable is a dummy variable that equals 1 if a firm is a high crash risk firm, and zero otherwise. After explaining the relationship between managerial overconfidence and crash risk, the total sample was divided into two sub-samples; chaebol firms and non-chaebol firms. The relation between how I overconfidence and crash risk varies with business group affiliation was investigated. Results - The results showed that managerial overconfidence is positively related to crash risk. Specifically, the coefficient of OVERC is significantly positive, supporting the prediction. The results are strong and robust in non-chaebol firms. Conclusions - The results show that firms with overconfident managers are likely to experience stock price crashes. This study is related to past literature that examines the impact of managerial overconfidence on the stock market. This study contributes to the literature by examining whether overconfidence can explain a firm's future crashes.

• The Journal of the Korean life insurance medical association
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.12-15
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• 2010

Global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) is known to 5.6 ~ 9.8%. Then life insurance applicants from persons with COPD are frequently encountered, and the underwriter and insurance medical doctors are called on with some regularity to render assessments of the mortality risk associated with COPD. According to previous article which contains long-term follow up of COPD, mortality ratio and excess death rate were 230% and 29 per 1000, respectively. Nowadays molecular genetic methodology such as GWAS has been developed. So it might be possible that molecular diagnostic methods may be one of useful underwriting tools in the life insurance risk selection of COPD applicants.

• The Journal of the Korean life insurance medical association
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.39-49
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• 2013

The textbook of insurance medicine is very bulky volume and it's revision time may be long. Nowadays medical knowledge and evidences are developing rapidly. It is necessary to revise current insurance risk of certain disease. Review of respiratory diseases in terms of insurance medicine may be valuable information for insurance doctors and life underwriters. Newly estimated mortality ratio and excess death rate of several respiratory diseases in this review are organizing pneumonia, 266%/44‰; multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, 1200%/110‰; idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, 869%/85‰; VATS lobectomy of stage I lung cancer, 550%/33‰; lymphangioleiomyomatosis 9826%/66‰; lung transplantation 2026%/92‰, respectively.

• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.6-9
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• 2019

Purpose - This research mainly studied with the promotion of "one belt and one road "initiative's strategy and the construction of China, Japan and South Korea Free Trade Zone, China exports urgently needed industrial products to Japan and South Korea, which will not only help digest excess industrial capacity, optimize China's industrial structure, but also promote the economic development of Japan and South Korea. Research design, data, and Methodology - The study conducted a survey on 2018 year new revision of China-Korea Japan's data. Results -This study shows that In this process, multinational enterprises, as pioneers of economic development, play an irreplaceable role. However, due to the differences between laws of different countries and their own corporate culture concepts, enterprises in different countries will inevitably encounter various conflicts in the process of development. Conclusions -This requires our enterprises to have awareness of legal risk prevention in the process of development, and to study the corporate culture of relevant enterprises to truly achieve win-win cooperation.