• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.30
• /
• pp.125-165
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study is to find methods that allow learners to improve their listening comprehension skills. To do this, we have divided this article into three parts. In the first part, we analyzed studies focus on the skill of listening. In the second part, we are dedicated to the process steps in the study of listening comprehension. In the last part, we tried to demonstrate this by examples according to the difference in levels of learners. More specifically, we applied the questionnaires according to a typological difference. Most teachers recognize the importance of listening to complete the language proficiency of learners. Nevertheless, there are many difficulties in implementing effective methods for improving listening comprehension skills. In addition, there is a strong tendency not to consider listening as an autonomous field, but as a part of oral proficiency. In addition, we can not ignore the importance of the method of application, because it can motivate learners to both concentrate on their studies and to voluntarily participate in the course. In this sense, the Professors and teaching staff can use the examples of DELF to establish concrete goals for the course of listening. It is difficult to confirm that this study is the most effective way with regard to the methodology, but we hope it may be useful to improve the skills of listening comprehension French learners.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.3-9
• /
• 2019

Facial nerve palsy has an effect on a person's well-being functionally and psychologically. Therefore, comprehensive patient management is essential. One of the most common uncomfortable and potentially debilitating features is associated with the incapacity for eye closure. Restoration of eye closure is a key consideration during the surgical management of facial palsy. In this article, we introduce simple surgical methods-which are relatively easy to learn and involve the upper and lower eyelids-for achieving eye closure. Correcting upper eyelid function involves facilitating the component of eye closure that is in the same direction as gravity and is, therefore, less complicated and favorable outcomes than correction of lower lid. Aesthetic aspects should be considered to correct the asymmetry caused by facial palsy. Lower eyelid function involves a force that opposes gravity for eye closure, which makes correction of lower eyelid ectropion more challenging than surgery for the upper eyelid, particularly in terms of effecting a sustained correction. Initially, proper ophthalmic evaluation is required, including identifying the chronicity and severity of ectropion. Also, it is important to determine whether or not lateral canthoplasty is necessary. The lateral tarsal strip procedure is commonly used for lower lid correction. However, effective lower lid correction can be achieved with better cosmesis when extensive supporting techniques are applied, including those involving cheek tissue.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.37A no.9
• /
• pp.780-785
• /
• 2012

In the current study, the authors propose a method for extracting license plate regions by means of a neural network trained to output the plates center of gravity. The method is shown to be effective. Since the learning pattern presentation positions are defined by random numbers, a different pattern is submitted to the neural network for learning each time, which enables it to form a neural network with high universality of coverage. The article discusses issues of the optimal learning surface for a license plate covered by the learning pattern, the effect of suppression learning of the number and headlight sections, as well as the effect of learning pattern enlargement/reduction and of concentration value conversion. Results of evaluation tests based on pictures of 595 vehicles taken at an underground parking garage demonstrated detection rates of 98.5%.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.7-11
• /
• 2013

Objective: Final goal of nerve advancement therapy is to provide maximum ability to function independently in life to patients. This paper appraises and describes basic concepts of the virtual reality (VR) based exercise program to improve functional movement for neurologically impaired patients. Design: Review article. Methods: Stroke patients from the physical therapy department while wearing comfortable clothing receive therapy and also VR based motion therapy administered by the therapist in charge. After evaluation of stroke patients, therapy includes an exercise program that is suitable for use with stroke patients; stroke patients wear head-mounted display while in front of the computer, where the camera is located; they follow the action on the screen and the computer perceives the operation of the stroke patients according to subject accomplishment. Results: According to obstacle condition of stroke patients using the method, which is various environments after setting, in stroke patients, there is a possibility of presenting suitable therapeutic environments. The display presentation of the method, which is identical, causes difficulty for all stroke patients. According to subject accomplishment; stroke patients result in execution of repetition training and deepening study, which leads to mobility. Conclusions: The VR based rehabilitation training programs is a difference of the existing video training program, is immediate feedback and compensation method. It will provide rehabilitation training services for the family of the patient whose condition could be improved with rehabilitative therapy where it is a continuous circumstance as a matter of the social welfare facility therapy.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
• /
• v.1 no.3
• /
• pp.105-109
• /
• 2008

In the current study, the authors propose a method for extracting license plate regions by means of a neural network trained to output the plate.s center of gravity. The method is shown to be effective. Since the learning pattern presentation positions are defined by random numbers, a different pattern is submitted to the neural network for learning each time, which enables it to form a neural network with high universality of coverage. The article discusses issues of the optimal learning surface for a license plate covered by the learning pattern, the effect of suppression learning of the number and headlight sections, as well as the effect of learning pattern enlargement/reduction and of concentration value conversion. Results of evaluation tests based on pictures of 595 vehicles taken at an underground parking garage demonstrated detection rates of 98.5%.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.65-75
• /
• 2019

We point out the limitations of Bloomberg Adjustment beta, shows that long-term beta does not converge with 1 and suggests an alternative to using proxy beta as beta's long-term forecast. We analyze whether the beta produced in the manner proposed by Bloomberg beta or proxy beta meets the purpose of calculating capital costs, for example, for the evaluation of corporate value. In particular, We apply in impairment valuations of assets and some analysis of how it affects. The proposal of the article applied in cases of analysis results are as follows : First, unlike the Bloomberg approach, long-term beta does not converge with market beta and therefore is not suitable as market forecast by beta. Second, estimating the suggested proxy beta as beta's predictive value resulted in Bloomberg beta and other adjustment Beta in the case categories, and the gap was large. Third, applying proxy beta results in a more appropriate valuation of the impairment loss on assets.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.50 no.5
• /
• pp.468-477
• /
• 2023

Background This article describes the development of the Myanmar Articulation, Resonation, Nasal Emission, and Nasal Turbulence test for children with cleft lip and palate (CLP), and evaluation of its validity and reliability. Methods It was created by three Thai researchers and a Burmese research assistant based on Burmese phonology. The content validity was evaluated by six Burmese language experts. All test items were divided into three groups: high-pressure oral consonants, low-pressure oral consonants, and nasal consonants. Results All items (58-word and 32-phrase/sentence) gave an excellent level of the expert agreement (item-level content validity indexes = 1.00). The target items were illustrated as color pictures. Each picture was clearly drawn and easy to identify. As a pilot study of face validity, all pictures were administered to 10 typical-developing children. The actual testing was assessed by 10 CLP children, and the developed test was analyzed through consultation of the Burmese teachers and interpreters from a speech camp. Testing scores for a total including three groups of target items were shown acceptable for internal consistency reliability (ranged from 0.4 to 0.88). Conclusion The constructed test is valid in terms of its content.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.7 no.6
• /
• pp.94-103
• /
• 2004

This article describes the current status of site-based environmental education (EE) in the Republic of Korea. Implications for site-based EE program development and operation are presented and recommendations for an improvement are provided. Questionnaires were mailed to 205 schools and organizations where site-based EE programs operated in 2002 with funding from the Korean Ministry of Environment. The questionnaire was designed and used to examine the scope, operation, and needs of site-based EE programs. The response rate was 27.3%. The results of the survey indicated that 'awareness', 'participation', and 'attitude' were addressed by the program goals and objectives more than 'knowledge' and 'skills'. The survey also indicated that activities in the programs were not variable and most were teacher/instructor-centered. Most of the programs reflected the 'connection with everyday life, direct experience and sensitivity'. There were some difficulties in motivating students and finding a good location and qualified instructional staff. Needs included well-designed program development and dissemination, professional development, increased funding support, and more effective program evaluation.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.32
• /
• pp.29-56
• /
• 2006

This article primarily concerns the various aspects of the rules to control express terms particularly in standard form which seek to absolve either wholly or in part from the seller's liability for non-conforming goods. It describes and analyzes in detail how English law regulates such terms. In this analysis, it places the following questions; first, whether each jurisdiction treats the seller's liability for non-conformity in quality and quantity as mandatory rules, second, if it does, to what extent it is treated so and third, if not, in what way it controls the seller's attempt to exclude or restrict his liability for non-conformity in quality and quantity. In addition, it attempts to compare the rules under English law with those under Korean law and to evaluate them in light of the discipline of comparative law. In an attempt to evaluate them, it asks the question of whether a solution from one jurisdiction may facilitate the systematic development and reform of another jurisdiction. The evaluation is based upon the idea that the problems of fairness associated with the use of standard terms occur where the customer is unfairly taken by surprise due to his ignorance of the terms, or where even if he knows of the substance of the terms and objects to it, he is met with a take-it-or-leave-it situation.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
• /
• v.21 no.9
• /
• pp.135-141
• /
• 2004

Anti-shock performance is one of the most important design specifications of TFT-LCD modules. Since they are adopted fur major display units of many mobile applications such as lap-top PCs, cellular phones, and palm pilots, they are able to accommodate and endure high level transient mechanical energy inputs. For the reasons, not only the LCD unit manufacturers but their customers like PC makers perform a series of strict impact/drop test on the units. Currently, designers are mostly relying on their own trial-error based experience for the anti-shock design. Thus those designs depending on only experience may result in disqualification from the drop/impact test during final product evaluation. Those shock failures of any new designs are prohibitive for both LCD and PC manufacturers. In order to avoid this problem, many designers are focusing on the development of computer-aided design tools that is directly connected to shock simulation capabilities and then shock-proof design cycle time could be significantly reduced. Development of an integrated CAE system for the shock-proof design is presented in this article. At every stages of the development of present work, practical industrial applicability and mass production feasibility are seriously considered and tested so that the system is to be used in the LCD design engineering field.