Archives of Plastic Surgery

Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons (대한성형외과학회)
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Myanmar Articulation, Resonation, Nasal Emission, and Nasal Turbulence Test: A Preliminary Study

  • Kalyanee Makarabhirom (Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University) ;
  • Benjamas Prathanee (Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University) ;
  • Ampika Rattanapitak (Eastern Languages Department, Faculty of Humanities, Chiang Mai University)
  • Received : 2022.10.18
  • Accepted : 2023.06.15
  • Published : 2023.09.15
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Abstract

Background This article describes the development of the Myanmar Articulation, Resonation, Nasal Emission, and Nasal Turbulence test for children with cleft lip and palate (CLP), and evaluation of its validity and reliability. Methods It was created by three Thai researchers and a Burmese research assistant based on Burmese phonology. The content validity was evaluated by six Burmese language experts. All test items were divided into three groups: high-pressure oral consonants, low-pressure oral consonants, and nasal consonants. Results All items (58-word and 32-phrase/sentence) gave an excellent level of the expert agreement (item-level content validity indexes = 1.00). The target items were illustrated as color pictures. Each picture was clearly drawn and easy to identify. As a pilot study of face validity, all pictures were administered to 10 typical-developing children. The actual testing was assessed by 10 CLP children, and the developed test was analyzed through consultation of the Burmese teachers and interpreters from a speech camp. Testing scores for a total including three groups of target items were shown acceptable for internal consistency reliability (ranged from 0.4 to 0.88). Conclusion The constructed test is valid in terms of its content.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors thank (1) the children and their families for their participation, (2) Shwemahar Golden Master Private School, Northern Women's Development Foundation (NWDF) for their cooperation, (3) Transforming Faces for funding support, and (4) Michelle Pascoe, PhD, from Edanz Group (www.edanzediting.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript.

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