• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.119-150
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• 1999

In spite of recent remarkable recent development in both western and oriental medical sciences, there is still only a shallow understanding of individual differences for various prognoses of incurable diseases and immunopathy diseases. Nevertheless, the care, cure and prevention methods of Sasang Constitutional Medicine are broadly used as an effective treatment of incurable diseases like immunopathy diseases and stress-related diseases and diseases due to aging. In this sense, the establishment of classification norms is urgent and essential for the worldwide application of Sasang Constitutional Medicine(SCM). This study began with the confirmation process of whether Sasang Constitutional types exist in Americans. To accomodate for cultural differences, the distinguishing tool was readjusted so that Sasang Constitutional Types in Americans could be determined. Hence, the selected tool is the new QSCCII+, which is a newly revised English version of the QSCCII. QSCCII was made and standardized by Dept. of SCM in Kyung Hee Medical Center and Dr. Kim7). The evaluation methods of the old version were improved in the new QSCCII+ through necessary statistical manipulation. The original QSCCII was officially authorized by the Korean Society of Sasang Constitutional Medicine as the only computerized version of Sasang diagnostics. This study is the first attempt to design a new diagnostic tool for the classification of Sasang Constitutional types in North Americans with the revision of QSCCII. The subjects of this study were selected from the cooperative people among the students and staffs of the University of Bridgeport and the patients who visited the Clinic in the Health Science Center. This study takes for about 1 year from 1998. 8 to 1999. 8 The conclusions of the study can be summarized as follows: 1. Sasang constitutional types also exist in Americans. It can also naturally be inferred that Sasang Constitutional types exist in all human beings, for there are many different human races in America. 2. There are more So-Yang In's than any other types in American white people. This result confirms the hypothesis that there also exist Sasang Constitutional types in westerners. 3. The result of repetitive tests suggests that the new QSCCII+ is an effective diagnostic tool for westerners when we consider the constant diagnostic results of the QSCCII+. 4. Sasang Constitutional types exit in the sample group regardless of racial difference. 5. The question items that were not often checked by Americans need to be modified into more understandable expressions. 6. The standardization of diagnosis for Americans should be established by use of the QSCCII+ 7. It can be guessed that there are many Tae-yang In's among the 71 persons who could not be clearly classified by the QSCCII+. Due to the scarcity of Tae-yang-In in general, it is important to improve upon the discernability of the QSCC II+. 8. The results of the Sasang Constitutional distribution in North Americans are as follows: The percentage of So-yang In distribution in the sample group is 36.25%(87persons), that of Tae-eum In is 13.75%(33persons), and that of So-eum In is 20.41%(49persons).

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.76-83
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• 2009

Rehmannia Radix Preparata (RRP) used to nourish Eum and enrich blood for consumptive fever, aching, and limpness of the loins and knees, and to replenish essence for tinnitus, premature greying of beard and hair. In the present study, we studied about the protective effect of RRP on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human vascular endothelial cells. ECV304 cells were preincubated with RRP (100, 200, 300 and $400{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) for 12hr and then treated with $600{\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$ for 12hr. The protective effects of RRP on $H_2O_2$-induced apoptosis in ECV304 cells was determined by using MTT assay, FDA-PI staining, flow cytometric analysis, caspase-3 activity assay, ROS assay and western blot. The results of this experiment showed that RRP inhibited $H_2O_2$-induced apoptosis and ROS production in ECV304 cells. Moreover, RRP increased ERK activation that decreased in $H_2O_2$-treated ECV304 cells, and inhibited p38 and JNK activation. Furthermore, RRP increased expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in $H_2O_2$-treated ECV304 cells. Also, HO-1 protein expression induced by RRP was reduced by the addition of ERK inhibitor (PD98059) in $H_2O_2$-treated ECV304 cells. These results suggest that protective effect of RRP on $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress in ECV304 cells may be associated with increase of ERK activation and HO-1 protein, and reduction of p38 and JNK activation.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.27-38
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• 2006

Objectives : The aim of the present study was to evaluate Yandorak for the wide inflection and establishment of a diagnostic system. Methods : We analyzed the measurement value of Yandorak on fifty one patients with idiopathic facial paralysis and eighty four healthy persons from April 1, 2005 to March 1, 2006 by using Yangdorak(YDRAK-94N, Sord Medicom Co., Korea). Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 11.0 for Windows, Mann-Whitney test for the comparisons followed side(Right and Left), sex, palsy localization in Idiopathic facial paralysis and normal group and one-way ANOVA(Kruskal Wallis) for the comparisons followed age. p < .05 was considered significant statistically. Results The difference of the electric current value of all meridian except Bladder(BL) of normal group on both side extremity was not significant statistically, Electric current value of all meridian except Gall-Bladder(GB) was more higher in idiopathic facial paralysis group than in normal group. The measurement value of Yandorak followed sex and palsy localization were not significant statistically. Conclusion : It is suggested that the measurement value of six Hand Yang & Eum channel, Liver Meridian of Foot Gworeum(厥陰) and Stomach Meridian of Foot Yangmyeong(陽明) is more higher in idiopathic facial paralysis group than in normal group.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.283-302
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• 2004

Background : Angiogenesis is the proliferation of a network of blood vessels emanating from pre-existing vessels, supplying nutrients and oxygen and removing waste products. Angiogenesis occurs in a variety of normal physiologic and pathologic conditions and is regulated by a balance of stimulatory and inhibitory angiogenic factors. Excessive angiogenesis should be suppressed. However, if blood supply is insufficient, it should be encouraged. Hyul-Mek(血脈) or Hyul-Rark(血絡), known as blood vessels in western medicine, is deeply related to Chung-Ki-Hyul(精 氣 血). The goal of this study is to review the effects of herbal medicines on angiogenesis that is involved in wound healing and enhancement of blood supply. Methods : We conducted a systematic and comprehensive literature search for the identification, retrieval, and bibliographic management of independent studies to locate information on the topic. A computerized search of the published literature of Korea(KISS, RISS), China(CNKI), Japan(Kampo medicine, etc), and western countries(MEDLINE) was performed, and further supplemented with manual searches of print sources(1999 to 2003). Results : The herbal medicines with angiogenic activity were mainly found among herbs that carry replenish Shin-Cheng(補腎益精), foster Eum and improve the circulation of blood(養陰活血), or warm and circulate Kyung-Rark(溫經通絡). In particular, herbs with improve the circulation of blood and clear blood(活血化瘀) activity contain a significant amount of tannin, saponin, and pyrazine. Conclusion : Replenish Ki-Hyul(補氣血) and circulate Kyung-Rark(通經絡) could contribute to the induction of angiogenesis because various growth factors and proliferation, differentiation, and migration of vascular endothelial cells are involved in angiogenic activity.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.612-622
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of sex, birth year, birth season, and parity of sows on their progeny using the following on-farm test records: Backfat Thickness (BF), Fresh Meat Percent (FMP), Loin depth (LD), Age at 90kg (90D), and Average Daily Gain (ADG). Statistical analysis was performed using data collected from 1,178 Yorkshire and 13,395 Landrace progenies, which were born from 119 Yorkshire and 1,191 Landrace sows, respectively between 2011 and 2015. All results of the analysis were statistically significant (P < 0.05) except the birth season effect on LD. For Landrace, the highest ratings were found to be at the $5^{th}$ parity (BF), at the $3^{rd}$ parity (FMP and LD), at the $2^{nd}$ parity (90D and ADG). For Yorkshire, the highest ratings were at the $2^{nd}$ parity (BF and FMP), at the $3^{rd}$ parity (LD), and at the $4^{th}$ parity (90D and ADG). Although the ratings of carcass traits of progeny appear to be higher between the maternal sow's $2^{nd}$ and $4^{th}$ progenitor, no significant relations to parity were found. Based on these results, we concluded that maternal parity is not significantly affect carcass traits of progeny and thus that the best slaughtering age of sows should not be determined solely based on maternal parity but also in consideration of other factors such as unit costs of production. The results of this study would provide fundamental information to future studies on the effect of economical parity on sows and swine breeding.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.155-173
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of self-help programs which had been conducted at each health center of Seoul using the protocol developed by Korean Rheumatology Health Professionals Society(KRHPS). This program was developed to initially increase self-efficacy, and then to decrease the symptoms and finally to increase the functions of the patients. This study was designed as one group pretest-posttest design. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaires for 140 out of 303 program participants, and only 102 subjects were analyzed because of missing values. The subjects were composed of 25.5% of rheumatoid arthritis patients and 60.8% of degenerative arthritis patients. The results showed that arthritis self-help program was effective in increasing self-efficacy and then improving pain, fatigue, depression, and activities of daily living. But the number of pain sites was not decreased. This result explains that degenerative arthritis patients composed of more than half of the participants has less number of pain sites than rheumatoid arthritis, and their pain was not completely relieved. As a result, it was confirmed that arthritis patients' physical and psychological states can be improved by self-help program in the community. These findings emphasize the implication of this program for each institute to promote health of arthritis patients.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 2010

The narration of "Donguibogam" is focused on humans whilst medical books before it focused on diseases. This is shown from the first subtitle of External Body(身形門) chapter, [The Origin of Hyung-Ki(形氣之始)]. The contents of [The Origin of Hyung-Ki] explains that the human body is composed of 'Hyung(形)' and 'Ki(氣)' This perspective is shown throughout "Donguibogam". First, in the aspect of construction, the viewpoint is shown from the JipRye(集例). It divides the body into inside and outside, which is a result of Hyung-Ki perspective. This continues in the table of contents. Naegyeongpyeon(內景) and Oehyeongpyeon(外形) describes the inside and outside of the body, in other words 'Hyung-Ki'. Japbyeongpyeon(雜病) describes complex illnesses with mixed insides and outsides. Tangaekpyeon(湯液) and Chimgupyeon(鍼灸) can be understood as division of treatment methods into inside and outside. When we look at the contents, the human body is created on the basis of the essence and vital energy of the world. Cheon-Ki becomes the 'Ki' that forms the functions of the body, while Ji-Ki becomes the 'Hyung' that constructs the bodily structure. It is considered that 'Hyung' is composed of SaDae(the body essence, vital energy, mentality and blood), and 'Ki' is composed of OSang(the five Jang organs and six Bu organs). 'Hyung' and 'Ki' show various appearances according to physiology and pathology. 'Hyung' is especially shown by obesity or thinness, 'Ki' by color. The obese may have Ki deficiency, coldness, dampness or phlegm. The thin could have blood deficiency, heat, fire or dryness. The color could show the pathology of the five Jang organs by the five colors, but it can simply be divided into black and white, where black means Eum deficiency, and white means Yang deficiency. It is said that the distinctive feature of traditional Korean medicine is that it is a constitutional medicine. In this perspective, further study on 'Hyung-Ki' is of value. If "Donguibogam" was the foundation of the Sasang Constitutional Medicine(四象醫學), study on 'Hyung-Ki' means searching for the origin of the Sasang Constitutional Medicine. Also, the study on Sasang Constitutional Medicine and Hyungsang medicine(形象醫學) will show the modern image of "Donguibogam". Hence, interchange study between "Donguibogam", Sasang Constitutional Medicine and Hyungsang medicine through the term 'Hyung-Ki' could hopefully lead to academic progression.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.930-942
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• 2008

Following conclusions were derived from researching various consumption caused after surgical operation. The meaning of surgery in HyungSang medical point of view is a big flaw of the original configuration. Therefore meaning, the loss of container to store something. Changes of the body after surgery can be formation of stagnated blood and abnormal cyst of the removed part and entangled undigested food and stagnant blood. After surgery when the symptoms become chronic or the patients develop side effects as they age, consumption and aging process begins. HyungSang medical treatments of consumption caused after surgery are the followings. We should prevent aging of the framework by using appropriate medication to make up for faults in Gall Bladder, Bladder type and six meridian type by considering its form, color, pulse and symptoms. Stability of emotion that can endure various mental stimulation is needed. Prevent stagnation, indigestion, obstruction and numbness by smoothing up the constructive energy and the defensive energy in the operated part. The Heart and Kidney should be under control and Stomach and Spleen should be reinforced so that food intake is accelerated and produce vital substances and Ki and blood. Eum blood and Yang Ki should circulate around the body well. Examine daily life and if small changes in skin complexion, appetite, sleep and excretion occur, also difference in adaptation of external stimulation and mental health occurs immediate treatment and care is necessary. Treatment of side-effects caused from both aging process and post-surgery in HyungSang's view point is considered better than other ways of treatment and will contribute in expanding the field of medical science.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.19-30
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• 2004

This thesis aims to provide an analytical basis for existing or new prescriptions based on the theory for properties and tastes of Korean oriental herbal medicines. To this end, prescriptions presented in the Various Changes in the Dominations of the Six Energies and their Relations with the Diseases of Plain Questions were analyzed based on the theory for properties and tastes of Korean oriental herbal medicines in Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine. This thesis focused on symptoms and prescriptions based on the theory for properties and tastes of Korean oriental herbal medicines, which were described in the Various Changes in the Dominations of the Six Energies and their Relations with the Diseases of Plain Questions with regard to the year when Taeyang is affecting the earth energy and the cold energy is partially over-abundant. Those symptoms and prescriptions originate from the theory of the five elements and six climates. The symptoms were analyzed from the perspective of physiology. The prescriptions were first analyzed based on the theory for properties and tastes of Korean oriental herbal medicines in Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine. Then, a mix formula of oriental medicines pursuant to those prescriptions was studied. Lastly, established prescriptions, which were in conformity with the above prescriptions, were selected. From the physiological point of view, symptoms with regard to the year when Taeyang is affecting the earth energy and the cold energy is partially over-abundant can be, based on the theory of the five elements and six climates, diagnosed as the symptoms from impaired heart due to excessive cold energy. Established prescriptions pursuant to prescriptions based on the theory for properties and tastes of Korean oriental herbal medicines can be broken down into the following: Cassia Twig, White Peony and Anemarrhena Decoction (Gyejijakyakjimotang); Rhemannia Bolus with Eight Herbs (Palmijihoanghoan); Back to the Left Pill (Joaguihoan); Bone-Strengthening Pill (Hojamhoan); Major Eum-Replenishing Pill (Daeboeumhoan). Therefore, symptoms of six kinds of weather presented in the Various Changes in the Dominations of the Six Energies and their Relations with the Diseases of Plain Questions can be analyzed from the physiological point of view. As a result, in addition to the methodology that analyzes existing prescriptions within the boundary of the theory for properties and tastes of Korean oriental herbal medicines in Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine, it is expected that a theoretical basis for new prescriptions can be provided by analyzing established prescriptions based on prescriptions from the theory for properties and tastes of Korean oriental herbal medicines.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.361-394
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• 1998

Jeon Kwang(癲狂), term of oriental medicine, corresponds to psychopathy. This is recorded in the 22th chapter of Young Chu(靈樞). Jeon and Kwang come under Eum(陰) and Yang(陽) respectively. The symptoms of Jeon have silence, cry and giggle alternately, muttering, and so on. And those of Kwang have quick-tempered, absurd remarks, slander, and so on. The contents of this chapter are divided into three volumes. The first is descriptive of paroxysmal causes and various symptoms of Jean and methods of acupuncture and moxibustion. The second stales causes, symptoms, and remedy methods of Kwang. And the third describes about Pung Youk(風逆), Kweol Youk(厥逆), So Ki(少氣), and Tan Ki(短氣). A paragraph concerning of Mok Ja(目眥), so to speak side of pupil, is mentioned at the begginning of this chapter incomprehensibly. Si Ma(馬蒔) asserted that this one is not a pleonasm because mental condition is seen at Mok Ja. But Sa-Deok Jeong(程士德) decided this one doesn't relation to Jeon Kwang. In my opinion, both views have proprieties. It is in a controversy whether Jeon Kwang has somthing to do with Pung Youk, Kweol Youk, etc. Tan Pa(丹波) asserted that these don't have connection each other. But JI-Chong Jang(張志總) explained Jeon Kwang originates in Kweol Youk with a basis of So Mun(素門). It is difficult to judge which opinion is right, but I am of the opinion that paragraphs of Pung Youk and downward mentioned those of other chapter with a mistake in the process of transcription. On accout of not only shortage contents but also ancient writings of this chapter we cannot understand all about Jeon Kwang. In addition, each woodblock-printed book has different letters and every commentaries aren't the same. Till now, therefore, basic study hasn't been done enough to offer a foundation to the theory of medical treatment. The purpose of this study is to correct wrong letters, to take out right commentaries, and then to interpret the accurat meaning of this chapter. I think this bibliographic study is quite meaningful because of hardship to cure psychopathy in clinic as well as of a viewpoint of basic study. However as this thesis is insufficient, so I expect many studies come out later.