• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.145-150
• /
• 2002

The changes in sensory characteristics, physical and chemical properties of raw ginseng (4-year-root, 50 g/root) were investigated when they were packaged individually in a soft film bag (ONY/LDPE/L-LDPE ; 200$\times$300 ㎜, 90 ㎛) and stored at 25$\^{C}$ for twenty days. Seventy-five percentages of sixty raw ginseng samples were adulterated and the most phenomenon of adulterating the raw ginseng was softening. Softened ginsengs were softer and stickier and they had stronger pungent and sour odors, stronger sour and sweet tastes than normal ginseng but had weaker ginseng and fresh odors. In addition, softened ginsengs exhibited lower hardness and pH, lower contents of diol-type ginsenosides, lower ratios of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids and higher contents of water-soluble pectins than normal ginseng while contents of moisture, crude protein, ether-soluble materials and crude ash of the softened ginsengs were similar to those of normal ginseng.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.23 no.7
• /
• pp.977-988
• /
• 2016

The volatile flavor compounds in five Jeju citrus fruit varieties (Cheonhyehyang, Hallabong, Jinjihyang, Hwanggeum hyang and Redhyang) were extracted by simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) using solvent mixture of n-pentane and diethyl ether (1:1, v/v) and analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The number of aroma compounds were identified with : 104 (4,939.77 mg/kg) in Cheonhyehyang, 98 (3,286.38 mg/kg) in Hallabong, 105 (3,317.56 mg/kg) in Jinjihyang, 102 (4,293.39 mg/kg) in Hwanggeumhyang, and 108 (4,049.94 mg/kg) in Redhyang. The detected main volatile compounds were; limonene, sabinene, ${\beta}$-myrcene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, linalool, 4-terpineol, ${\alpha}$-terpineol, (E)-${\beta}$-ocimene and ${\gamma}$-terpinene. Among the identified volatiles compounds, ethyl-benzene, nonanol, 1-p-menthen-9-al, (E)-isocarveol, methyl salicylate, ${\alpha}$-terpinen-7-al, perilla alcohol, and ethyl-dodecanoate were detected in Cheonhyehyang. only Furthermore, ${\beta}$-chamigrene and ${\alpha}$-selinene were in Hallabong only; 3-hydroxybutanal, (E)-2-nonenal, isoborneol, octyl acetate, (E)-2-undecenal, ${\beta}$-ylangene and guaia-6,9-diene in Jinjihyang. ${\rho}$-Cymenene, ${\beta}$-thujone, selina-4,11-diene and (E,E)-2,6-farnesol in Hwanggeumhyang only; and ${\rho}$-cymen-8-ol, bornyl acetate, carvacrol, bicycloelemene, ${\alpha}$-cubebene and 7-epi-${\alpha}$-selinene in Redhyang only. This study confirmed the differences in composition and content of volatile aroma components in five varieties of Jeju citrus fruits.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.16 no.7 s.80
• /
• pp.1181-1187
• /
• 2006

HS-1580 series (HS-1580, HS-1581, HS-1582) can produce anti-imflammatory effects were synthesized from the marine algae extraction in 2,3,6-tribromo-4,5-dihydroxy benzyl methyl ether (TDB). Raw 264.7 cells were pre-treated with $1{\mu}g/{\mu}l$ lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and later treated with HS-1580 series. These cells of inflammatory mediators were tested as well. Nitric oxide (NO) is related to autoimmune disease and is produced by inducible NOS (iNOS). When treated with HS-1580 series, the product of NO will reduce in a dose-dependent manner. HS-1580 series significantly inhibit the iNOS protein expression. Cyclooxygenase (COX) involves with the various physiologic events and catalyzes in prostaglandin. HS-1580 series also inhibit the COX-2 protein expression as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines production such as tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha})\;and\;interluekin-1{\alpha]\;(IL-1{\beta})$. These upcoming results suggest that HS-1580 series have anti-inflammatory efforts in Raw 264.7 cells by inhibiting such as iNOS, COX-2, $TNF-{\alpha}\;and\;IL-1{\beta}$ as inflammatory mediators.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.81-93
• /
• 1994

This study was conducted to characterize herbicidal activity of the new type diphenylether compounds inducing bleaching(whitening) in relation to their chemical structures and to find out the herbicidal action mechanism. Bleaching was highly appeared in the compounds which have short chain alkyl or allyl group of cabamoyl type in meta position of A ring and nitro group in para position of B ring, and KC6361 showed the highest efficacy among these derivatives. Rice was tolerant to KC6361 at 2.0kg/ha. The applications of this compound at 0.25~1.0kg/ha provided acceptable control of the various weeds including large crabgrass, barnyardgrass, pigweed and so on. In the dark condition, KC6361 decreased carotenoid contents but increased chlorophyll in etiolated cucumber cotyledon. By the increase of light intensity, the carotenoid biosynthesis was more inhibited than the chlorophyll biosynthesis. The incorporation of $C^{14}$-acetate into lipid was slightly inhibited. Both KC6361 and norflurazon stimulated growth of dwarf rice(cv. Daneunbanju). These results suggest that both KC6361 and norflurazon may have the same action sites. To confirm this hypothesis, the changes of carotenoid intermediates in cucumber cotyledon and barnyardgrass leaf treated with KC6361 were investigated. Phytoene and phytofluene were increased but ${\beta}$-carotene was decreased, indicating that KC6361 inhibited phytoene and/or phytofluene dehydrogenase like norflurazon.

• Membrane Journal
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.235-242
• /
• 1998

Pervaporation separation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and methanol (MeOH) mixture, of which the former compound is well known as the octane booster was carried out. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membranes crosslinked with poly(acrylic acid) which have been successfully applied on the water-alcohol mixtures were used in this study. The PVA/PAA ratio in the crosslinked membranes was 95/5, 90/10, 85/15, 80/20, and 75/25 by weight. The operating temperatures were 30, 40, and 50$\circ$C, and the compositions of MTBE and MeOH to be separated were 95/5, 90/10, and 80/20 (MTBE/MeOH) solutions. PVA/PAA=85/15 membrane showed the separation factor $\alpha_{MeOH/MTBE}$=4000 and the permeation rate of 10.1 g/m$^2$hr for MTBE/MeOH=80/20 solution at 50$\circ$. When the same membrane was used, the separation factor and permeation rate for MTBE/MeOH=90/10 solution at 40$\circ$C were $\alpha_{MeOH/MTBE}$=6000 and 8.5 g/m$^2$hr, respectively. Also, the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance of the membranes would take an important role in the relationships between the membranes and separation performances in terms of the flux and the separation factor.

• Membrane Journal
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.310-319
• /
• 2005

This paper describes the preliminary study on the development of multi-stage membrane demonstration plant for removal of carbon dioxide from flue gas stream being emitted from LNG boiler in thermal power generation plant. The prerequisite requirement is to design and develop the membrane process producing a $99\%\;CO_2$ with $90\%$ recovery from LNG flue gas of 1,000 $Nm^3$/day. Asymmetric polyethersulfone hollow fiber membranes and membrane modules developed in this laboratory[1] were used in this study. Using the permeation data for the hollow fiber membranes, modelling on the membrane module and multi-stage membrane process was done to meet the requirement condition of the process design. The effects of the operating pressure of feed and permeate side and feed concentration on $CO_2$ purity and recovery were investigated experimentally with the developed hollow fiber modules. These experimental results matched well with theoretical modelling results.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.95-100
• /
• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Salicornia herbacea L. (SH) on carbon tetrachloride $(CCl_4)-induced$ hepatotoxicity. Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally administered the SH at 100 mg/kg per day for two weeks. Then single dose of $CCl_4$ (3.3 ml/kg) was injected into rats. Twelve hours later, they were anesthesized with ether and dissected. $SH-CCl_4-administered$ group showed $65.56\%\;and\;59.04\%$ of inhibitory effects in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, compared to $CCl_4-treated$ group (p<0.05). Malonedialdehyde (MDA) levels of $SH-CCl_4-administered$ group in liver homogenate and mitochondria were significantly inhibited by $53.74\%,\;89.86\%$, and respectively, compared to $CCl_4-treated$ group (p<0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of $SH-CCl_4-administered$ group in liver homogenate and mitochondria were significantly inhibited by $42.51\%,\;and\;38.42\%$, respectively, compared to $CCl_4-treated$ group (p<0.05). The histological examinations showed that the liver cell necrosis and centrilobular congestive aggregation induced by $CCl_4$ were clearly eliminated by the administration of SH. These results suggest that SH could have the protective effects against hepatotoxicity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.87-92
• /
• 2009

The antioxidant properties and protective effects of Inula britannica on ${H_2}{O_2}$-induced SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell damage were investigated. A series of solvent fractions, including hexane(Fr.H), petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate(Fr.EA), and water fraction(Fr.W), were prepared from the 70% methanol extracts of Inula britannica. Fr.W had the highest total contents of phenolics and flavonoids, followed by Fr.EA. The antioxidant properties of the fractions were also evaluated by analyzing their scavenging activities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radicals, 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, and nitric oxide. Fr.W showed the strongest activities in all assays. The concentrations of Fr.W that resulted in 50% reductions of the DPPH and ABTS radicals were 20.7 ${\mu}g$/mL and 39.4 ${\mu}g$/mL, respectively. Fr.W showed the weakest cytotoxic activities on the SH-SY5Y cells, whereas it effectively protected ${H_2}{O_2}$-induced cell death, increasing cell survival by 35.0-77.0% at a concentration range of 62.5-250 ${\mu}g$/mL. In this range, Fr.W also significantly decreased intracellular ROS levels by 34-39%. Overall, the antioxidant properties of Inula britannica can contribute to rescuring neuronal cells from oxidative stress-induced cell injury.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.11-23
• /
• 1999

Ultrastructure of the ependymal cells of X-irradiated rats on their head were studied. Rats weighing $200\sim250gm$ were X-irradiated on their head and neck areas. Total exposures were 3,000 rads or 6,000 rads depending on experimental groups. And irradiated rats were sacrificed on 6 hours, 2 days and 6 days following the radiation exposures. Animals were perfused through the heart with 1% glutaraldehyde-1% paraformaldehyde solution, under ether-anesthesia. The tissues from the wall of lateral ventricles were fixed in the 2% osmium tetroxide solution. The results observed with electron microscope were as follow: 1. In 6 hours group, many ependymal cells were swelled, luminal portions of cytoplasms of some cells protruded into the ventricular lumen, and many cilia were lost or irregularly altered. 2. In 2 days group, ependymal cells were swelled more severely and subependymal edema were pronounced. 3. Protruded cytoplasm contained usually basal bodies of cilia, groups of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticula , etc. 4. Following X-irradiations, some protruded masses contained neural elements including the axon terminals with dense core vesicles. Axons and axon terminals were also found in the enlarged intercellular spaces among ependymal cells. From the above results, the heavy irradiation on the head area of the rat induced alteration of the ependymal cells lining the lateral ventricle. Hence the ependymal functions of selective barrier, protective barrier, and metabolic barrier could be altered following X-irradiation on the head.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.42 no.6
• /
• pp.652-665
• /
• 1997

Allelopathic effects on some crops(rice, barley, wheat, Chinese cabbage, leaf mustard, onion, welsh onion, tobacco, red pepper) for extracts of Phytolacca americana and Armoracia rusticana were investigated in MS solid medium. Germination percentage, radicle length, hypocotyl length, plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, and seedling vigor were rapidly inhibited by methanol extract from Phytolacca americana according to increase of the concentration in test plants. Autotoxicity of Phytolacca americana began to appear at concentrations greater than 50$\mu$l methanol extracts per 20ml medium. The fresh weight and dry weight of Phytolacca americana were also decreased by its own methanol extract according to increase of the concentration. Initial amounts of growth of all crops were also inhibited by methanol extracts from Armoracia rusticana, but the inhibitory effects were lowered than those of methanol extracts of Phytolacca americana. Of four fractions, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, $1^{st}H_2O, 2^{nd}H_2O$, reextracted from methanol extracts of Phytolacca americana, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest allelopathic effects on germination percentage and initial amounts of growth. Chlorophyll contents of rice, barley and Chinese cabbage were more inhibited in the ethyl acetate fraction than in the other fractions. Free proline content of Chinese cabbage was increased 31.2 times in the 100$\mu l$ ethyl acetate fraction, and the contents of rice and barley were also increased according to concentration levels in the ethyl acetate fraction.