• Toxicological Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 2018

Alcohol consumption triggers toxic effect to organs and tissues in the human body. The risks are essentially thought to be related to ethanol content in alcoholic beverages. The identification of ethanol in blood samples requires rapid, minimal sample handling, and non-destructive analysis, such as Raman Spectroscopy. This study aims to apply Raman Spectroscopy for identification of ethanol in blood samples. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized to obtain Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) spectra of blood samples. The SERS spectra were used for Partial Least Square (PLS) for determining ethanol quantitatively. To apply PLS method, $920{\sim}820cm^{-1}$ band interval was chosen and the spectral changes of the observed concentrations statistically associated with each other. The blood samples were examined according to this model and the quantity of ethanol was determined as that: first a calibration method was established. A strong relationship was observed between known concentration values and the values obtained by PLS method ($R^2=1$). Second instead of then, quantities of ethanol in 40 blood samples were predicted according to the calibration method. Quantitative analysis of the ethanol in the blood was done by analyzing the data obtained by Raman spectroscopy and the PLS method.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.245-247
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• 2013

The potential of the red ginseng marc (RGM) for the production of bio-ethanol using enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation without any additional nutrients was investigated. Reducing sugar content in RGM treated with Viscozyme and Flavourzyme was 101.1 g/L and was much higher than that (7.2 g/L) in intact RGM. When enzymatically hydrolyzed red ginseng marc (ERGM) was fermented with commercially available dry yeast at $25^{\circ}C$ for 7 days, the final ethanol concentration reached 29.3 g/L with ethanol yield at 0.274 g of ethanol per 1 g of solubilized total sugar. Ethanol concentration and ethanol yield of ERGM were drastically increased over 1000% and 50%, respectively than those of RGM.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.447-450
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• 1998

Effects of organic solvents fraction from Ainsliaea acerifolia ethanol extract on alcohol metabolism in rats were examined and the results were as follows: Ethanol souble fraction, after a single oral administration to rats, was found to cause a significant decrease in the serum ethanol concentration as well as enhancement of liver cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH) activity, on the other hand, the fraction insouble in ethanol was found to cause an increase ethanol concentration in the blood and inhibit ADH activity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.413-418
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• 2007

The present study was designed to observe the effect of chronically ingested ethanol on the level of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), which is a non-oxidative metabolite of ethanol metabolism in tissues, and its correlation to the status of oxidative stress in rats. Forty male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 145 - 155 g were divided into 2 groups, Control and EtOH. All rats were fed Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet for 4 weeks by pair-feeding. An isocaloric maltose dextrin was added in replace of 50 g ethanol (36%kcal) in the control diet. Chronically ingested ethanol significantly increased the content of FAEEs in pancreas and liver, but not in brain. The level of 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was significantly increased, but ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ level was significantly decreased in pancreas and liver. However, the levels of TBARS and ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ in brain were not significantly affected by ethanol ingestion. Therefore, chronically ingested ethanol might cause tissue damage by increasing the levels of FAEEs and TBARS and dissipating more ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ in tissues.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.43-51
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• 1995

The in vitro skin permeability of 16 drugs with a wide span of lipophilicity (log P ranging from -0,95 to 4.40) was evaluated with an ethanol/panasate 800 (tricaprylin, P-800) (40/60) lipophilic binary vehicle and an ethanol/water (60/40) hydrophilic binary vehicle with lauric acid, The skin permeability of the drugs was enhanced by the use of the ethanol/P-800 (40/60) binary vehicle or the ethanol/water (60/40) binary vehicle with lauric acid; permeation rate was increased and lag time' was decreased. The relationship between lipophilicity and skin permeation rate of the drugs showed parabolic shapes with their peaks at much greater hydrophilic range compared with other past references. In the in vivo skin absorption of theophylline using abdominal rat skin, the ethanol/P-800 (40/60)-7% (w/w) ethycellulose gel produced a good feature as a sustained-release preparation, and the ethanol/water (60/40)-3 % (w/w) HPMC gel with lauric acid showed the highest BA value. The results suggest that the lipophilicity of a drug is a main factor for prediction of the skin permeability of the drug and that the ethanol/P-800 (40/60) binary vehicle and ethanol/water (60/40) binary vehicle with lauric acid would be good candidates for clinical transdermal application of hydrophilic drugs.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.151-156
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• 1991

In order to construct a yeast strain having high ethanol tolerance together with good lactose fermentation ability, the protoplast fusion using Saccharomyces cerevisiae STV 89 and Kluyveromyces fragilis CBS 397 was carried out. Auxotrophic mutants of K. fragilis were obtained as a selection marker by treatment of ethylmethane sulfonate. The best mutant for protoplast fusion was selected based on the capabilities of ${\beta}-galactosidase$ production and lactose fermentation. The protoplast fusion using polyethylene glycol and calcium chloride solution led to the fusion frequence of $3{\times}10^{-6}$ and a number of fusants were obtained. Among these fusants, a fusant F-3-19 showed the best results in terms of ethanol tolerance, ${\beta}-galactosidase$ activity and lactose fermentation. The performance of lactose fermentation and ethanol tolerance by this fusant were better than those of K. fragilis. Study on the ethanol tolerance having relation to fatty acid composition and intracellular ethanol concentration revealed that the fusant F-3-19 had a higher unsaturated fatty acids content and accumulated less amount of intracellular ethanol compared with a parent of K. fragilis.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.398-404
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• 1991

- Ethanol production by calcium alginate-immobilized baker's yeast was studied in the continuous shaked-flask reactor (CSFR) using glucose medium as a feed. Immobilized cells were stable at 30~$37^{\circ}C$ and pH 4~8. Fermentation characteristics of immobilized baker's yeast were examined changing the initial glucose concentration employed were 50, 100 and 150 g/l, respectively. It was investigated that the influent glucose concentration and the dilution rate have an influence on the ethanol fermentation characteristics at steady state in continuous culture of immobilized baker's yeast. The optimum conditions for high ethanol productivity and low residual glucose output in ethanol prodution were shown to be 0.2 h ' for the dilution rate and 150 g/l for the influent glucose concentration. The maximum ethanol productivity, ethanol yield, specific growth rate and glucose conversion rate were around 7.12 g/$l\cdot h$, 0.23, 0.366 g/$l\cdot h$ and 78.43, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2013

This study was performed to investigate the antimicrobial effect against food-borne pathogens of Sanguisorbae officinalis L. ethanol extract. The antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract was determined using a paper disc-diffusion method and the diameter of the clear zone was measured. The diameters of the clear zone in the presence of 10 mg of the ethanol extract were the maximum against Staphylococcus aureus among the tested 4 gram-positive bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa among the tested 7 gram-negative bacteria. Analysis of the minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) showed that the ethanol extract exhibited a similar efficacy as sorbic acid, well-known chemical preservatives. The growth inhibitory effects of the ethanol extract in the concentrations of 250, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/L on food-borne pathogens were determined against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella Typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The growth of the microorganisms was significantly (p<0.05) inhibited by the ethanol extract in the concentrations higher than 250 mg/L. Thus, the results of the present study demonstrate that the ethanol extract exhibits antimicrobial effects against food-borne pathogens, suggesting that Sanguisorbae officinalis L. could be used as natural antibacterial agent in food.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.343-349
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• 2007

To investigate the effect of ethanol extract of Saxifraga stolonifera MEERBURGH on skin care, we measured anti-oxidant and anti-aging activity. S. stolonifera ethanol extract itself had anti-oxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner in DPPH radical scavenging. Silica dose-dependently increased the intracellular ROS generation in RAW 264.7 cells. S. stolonifera ethanol extract inhibited silica-induced intracellular superoxide anion generation, $H_2O_2$ and hydroperoxide generation in RAW 264.7 cells. S. stolonifera ethanol extract significantly inhibited both hyaluronidase and elastase activity, also significantly inhibited MMP-1(collagenase) activity as well. In NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells, S. stolonifera ethanol extract significantly increased collagen-like polymer synthesis, which suggesting the S. stolonifera ethanol extract might be used as hydration and anti-wrinkle agents. From the above results, it is suggested that the main ingredients of S. stolonifera ethanol extract play an important role in anti-oxidant and anti-aging activity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

Preventive effect of ginseng saponin fraction against ethanol intoxication of the liver of rats fed width 12% ethanol instead of water for 6 days was investigated. Control group was dosed 12% ethanol instead of water (free access) for 6 days and test group was dosed 0.1% ginseng saponin fraction in the 12% ethanol instead of water for 6 days. Normal rats was given only water freely. It was observed that the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) of both control and test groups were higher than those of normal group while the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenate (ALDH) of control and test groups were lower than that of normal rats, However, the ALDH activity decrease of test group was much less than that of control groups. Electron micrograph showed that severely swollen and disrupted mitochondria and dilated and vesiculated ER can be seen in control group while dilated or vesiculated ER are very few and swollen or disrupted mitochondria can not be seen in test group. From the above experimental result, it seems that ginseng saponin might stimulate ethanol oxidation and the removal of acetaldehyde resulting in the decrease of ethanol intoxication of the liver.