• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.172-179
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• 2000

Bretlanomyces C!tstersii Hl-39 mutant was immobilized with various caniers. Immobilized mutant Hl-39 produced more ethanol and showed higher productivity and cell concentration than those of free 81-39 in 3.4% hydrolyzate of wood-chips at different temperatures ($37^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$ and $43^{\circ}C$). At $37^{\circ}C$, ethanol concentration produced by mutant H1-39 immobilized in Ca-alginate and ARG(l % Ca-alginate, 1.67% bentonite, 0.33% glutaraldehyde) bead were higher than those produced by the other earners (ACG ; 1 % CaHalginate. ] .67% celite R-634 , 0.33% glutaraldehyde, ABP ; 1 % Ca-alginate. 1.67% bentonite, 0.33% pectin. ACP: 1 % Ca-alginate, ] .67% celiLe R-634, 0.33% pecLin). The highest value of productivity(l.23 ) was obtained by using ABG beads. At $40^{\circ}C$, ethanol conccntration and productivity obtained by ABC beads ,>,"ere 15.2 glL and 0.84 gl L.h, respectively, which showed the highest value compared to other carriers. Particularly, productivity of ilmnobilized ceIl was increased up to 90% as compared to that offree cell. On the other hand, ABP(l % Ca-alginate+L67% bentonile+O.33% pectin) beads gave the best resulLs at $43^{\circ}C$ for production of ethanol and productivity, which were 13.8 g!l and 0.77 g/l h, respectively.ively.

• Clean Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.287-292
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• 2007

[ $M/Al_2O_3$ ] (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) catalysts supported on commercial alumina ($Al_2O_3$) were prepared by an impregnation method, and were applied to the hydrogen production by auto-thermal reforming of ethanol. It was revealed that each catalyst retained its own metallic phase and product distribution strongly depended on the identity of active metal. Among the catalysts prepared, $Ni/Al_2O_3$ and $Co/Al_2O_3$ showed the best catalytic performance in the auto-thermal reforming of ethanol. However, the reaction mechanisms over these two catalysts were different. Ni/Al_2O_3 catalyst showed 100% ethanol conversion at $500^{\circ}C$, but it exhibited a rapid decrease in hydrogen selectivity. Although $Co/Al_2O_3$ catalyst showed an excellent performance in hydrogen selectivity, on the other hand, no significant improvement in hydrogen yield was observed due to the low ethanol conversion over the catalyst.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.88-94
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• 2021

The seaweed, Gracilaria verrucosa (red seaweed) was fermented to produce bioethanol. Optimal thermal acid hydrolysis conditions were determined as 200 mM H₂SO₄ and 10% (w/v) seaweed slurry at 130℃ for 60 min yielding 47.5% of pretreatment efficiency (E_p). After the thermal acid hydrolysis, enzymatic saccharification was carried out with 16 U/ml Viscozyme L, Cellic CTec2 or mixture of Viscozyme L and Cellic CTec2 to G. verrucosa hydrolysates. Enzymatic saccharifications with Viscozyme, Cellic CTec2 or mixture of those yielded 7.3 g/l glucose with efficiency of saccharification, E_s = 34.9%, 11.6 g/l glucose with E_s = 64.4% and the mixture of those 9.6 g/l glucose with E_s = 56.6%, respectively. Therefore, based on the E_s value, Cellic CTec2 was selected for the optimal enzyme for enzymatic saccharification of G. verrucosa hydrolysate. The ethanol productions with non-adapted S. cerevisiae CEN-PK2 (wild type) and S. cerevisiae CEN-PK2 with adaptive evolution to galactose produced 8.5 g/l ethanol with Y_EtOH = 0.19 and 21.5 g/l ethanol with Y_EtOH = 0.50 at 144 h, respectively. From these results, the ethanol production by S. cerevisiae with adaptive evolution showed high concentration of ethanol production using G. verrucosa as a substrate.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.549-557
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• 1993

In the conversion of ethanol over heteropoly acids, we have studied catalytic reactivity, reaction mechanism, effect of organic bases added to reactant, and relation between acid strength of ion-exchanged catalysts and catalytic activities. The conversion of ethanol proceeded in the pseudoliquid phase of heteropoly acid. Due to this novel behavior, area increased by supporting with $SiO_2$. The reaction mechanism of ethylene production was different from that of ether production, and various partially substituted Al salts of 12-tungstophosphoric acid showed different catalytic activities.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1493-1501
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• 2018

Wastewater from cider factories (losses during transfers, products discarded due to quality policies, and products returned from the market) exhibits a Chemical Oxygen Demand greater than $170,000mg\;O_2/l$, mainly due to the ethanol content and carbohydrates that are added to obtain the finished product. These effluents can represent up to 10% of the volume of cider produced, and they must be treated to meet environmental regulations. In this work, a process was developed, based on alcoholic fermentation of the available carbohydrates present in ciders. The impact of inhibitors at different pH, size and reuse of inoculums and different nutrient supplementation on the ethanol yield were evaluated. The use of a 0.5 g/l yeast inoculum and corn steep water as the nutrient source allowed for depletion of the sugars in less than 48 h, which increased the content of ethanol to more than 70 g/l.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2011

Inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) activity is the most common mechanism underlying the lowering of blood pressure. In the present study, five organic extracts of a marine brown seaweed Ecklonia cava were prepared by using ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, hexane, and diethyl ether as solvents, which were then tested for their potential ACE inhibitory activities. Ethanol extract showed the strongest ACE inhibitory activity with an $IC_{50}$ value of 0.96 mg/ml. Five kinds of phlorotannins, phloroglucinol, triphlorethol-A, eckol, dieckol, and eckstolonol, were isolated from ethanol extract of E. cava, which exhibited potential ACE inhibition. Dieckol was the most potent ACE inhibitor and was found to be a non-competitive inhibitor against ACE according to Lineweaver-Burk plots. Dieckol had an inducible effect on the production of NO in EAhy926 cells without having cytotoxic effect. The results of this study indicate that E. cava could be a potential source of phlorotalnnins with ACE inhibitory activity for utilization in production of functional foods.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.282-286
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• 2013

The seaweed, Gelidium amansii, was fermented to produce bioethanol. Optimal pretreatment condition was determined as 94 mM $H_2SO_4$ and 8% (w/v) seaweed slurry at $121^{\circ}C$ for 60 min. The mono sugars of 40.4 g/L with 67% of conversion from total carbohydrate of 60.6 g/L with 80 g dw/L G. amansii slurry were obtained by thermal acid hydrolysis pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification. G. amansii hydrolysate was used as the substrate for ethanol production by Kluyveromyces marxianus KCTC 7150 and Candida tropicalis KCTC 7212 using 5L fermentor. The ethanol productions by K. marxianus KCTC 7150 and C. tropicalis KCTC 7212 were 17.8 g/L with $Y_{EtOH}$ of 0.48 at 120 h and 19.3 g/L with $Y_{EtOH}$ of 0.50 at 120 h, respectively.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2013

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect of Angelicae gigantis Radix (AG) and Lycii fructus (LF) ethanol extracts on skin-whitening effects. Method : LFAG extracts were prepared by extracting with 80% ethanol. The efficacy of LFAG was judged by measurement of cell viability, tyrosinase activity, melanin production, tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression in B16F10 murine melanoma cells by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) treatment. Results : Each extract (LF or AG) inhibited the tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner. The co-treatment of LFAG extracts ($25{\mu}g/mL$ LF plus $25{\mu}g/mL$ AG) markedly suppressed the LPS-induced cellular tyrosine activity, melanin production, tyrosinase and MMP-1 expression in B16F10 murine melanoma cells. These suppressive effects were synergistically increased by their combination. Conclusions : With these observations, we suggest that the extracts from Lycii fructus and Angelica gigantis Radix could be potent natural materials for whitening skin.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.573-580
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• 2013

We investigated the physiological activities of extracts from Lindera obtusiloba Blume leaf and twig (LLW: water extract from Lindera obtusiloba Blume leaf, LLE: 50% ethanol extract from Lindera obtusiloba Blume leaf, LTW: water extract from Lindera obtusiloba Blume twig, LTE: 50% ethanol extract from Lindera obtusiloba Blume twig). Total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents of LTE were 445.38 mg/g and 302.09 mg/g, respectively. The electron donating ability (95.38%) of LTE was higher than that of the LLE (93.76%), LTW (88.09%), and LLW (82.06%). The oxygen radical absorbance capacity of extracts were improved with 50% ethanol condition, rather than hot water. Superoxide radical scavenging activity and FRAP activity of the extracts were improved with an increase of treatment concentration. All the extracts($1,000{\mu}g/mL$) stimulated a production of nitric oxide (NO) in macrophage RAW264.7 cells. In particular, the NO stimulating activity of LTE was superior to that of LLE, LTW, and LLW. The antitumor activity of LTE ($500{\mu}g/mL$) in A549, HeLa and SNU719 was 55.63%, 83.87% and 68.11%, respectively. The UVB-induced MMP-1 production in HS68 cells was suppressed by the treatment of LTE (88.28%), LLE (83.96%), LTW (80.59%) and LLW (76.08%).

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2015

In the present study, we investigated biological activities of Rosa davurica Pall. leaves in order to evaluate the possibility as a natural biomaterial. The 80% ethanol extract and its subsequent fractions of Rosa davurica Pall. leaves were prepared using several solvents with different polarities. The extraction yield was 33.4, 36.6, 25.2, 18.7, 5.8 and 5.8% in ethanol extract, aqueous, butanol, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, chloroform fractions, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction (661.38 mg/g), butanol fraction (396.68 mg/g) and 80% ethanolic extract (239.54 mg/g) has higher total polyphenol contents than other fractions. The antioxidant activity was detected in ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest levels of DPPH radical scavenging activity ($IC_{50}$, $4.77{\mu}g/m{\ell}$). Moreover, the ethyl acetate fraction significantly inhibited production of NO in LPS-stimulated macrophage RAW 264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. These results indicate that 80% ethanol extract and its fractions of Rosa davurica Pall. leaf, especially ethyl acetate fraction, have the properties of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation, suggesting leaf of Rosa davurica Pall. may be a candidate for natural and functional materials.