• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.113-125
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• 2022

Purpose - The primary purpose of this study is to verify whether the target set out by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) for reducing carbon emissions from ships can be achieved by quantitatively analyzing the trends in technological advances of fuel oil consumption in the container shipping market. To achieve this purpose, several scenarios are designed considering various options such as eco-friendly fuels, low-speed operation, and the growth in ship size. Design/methodology - The vessel size and speed used in prior studies are utilized to estimate the fuel oil consumption of container ships and the pace of technological progress and Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) regulations are added. A database of 5,260 container ships, as of 2019, is used for multiple linear regression and quantile regression analyses. Findings - The fuel oil consumption of vessels is predominantly affected by their speed, followed by their size, and the annual technological progress is estimated to be 0.57%. As the quantile increases, the influence of ship size and pace of technological progress increases, while the influence of speed and coefficient of EEDI variables decreases. Originality/value - The conservative estimation of carbon emission drawn by a quantitative analysis of the technological progress concerning the fuel efficiency of container vessels shows that it is not possible to achieve IMO targets. Therefore, innovative efforts beyond the current scope of technological progress are required.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제83권2호
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• pp.229-244
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• 2022

This paper investigates the seismic performance of buildings designed using DDBD (Direct Displacement based Design) and FBD (Force based Design) approaches from the probabilistic viewpoint. It aims to estimate the collapse capacity of structures and assess the adequacy of seismic design codes. In this regard, (i) IDA (Incremental Dynamic Analysis) curves, (ii) interstory drift demand distribution curves, (iii) fragility curves, and (iv) the methodology provided by FEMA P-695 are applied to examine two groups of RC moment resistant frame buildings: 8-story structures with different plans, to study the effect of different span arrangements; and 3-, 7- and 12-story structures with a fixed plan, to study the dynamic behavior of the buildings. Structural modeling is performed in OpenSees software and validated using the results of an experimental model. It is concluded that increasing the building height would not significantly affect the response estimation of IDA and fragility curves of DDBD-designed structures, while the change in span arrangements is effective in estimating responses. In the investigation of the code adequacy, unlike the FBD approach, the DDBD can satisfy the performance criteria presented in FEMA P-695 and hence provide excellent performance.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.463-473
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• 2022

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the North Korea's net export to China and Liaoning on the North Korean economic growth. Design/methodology/approach - This study collects the data on the net export of North Korea to China and Liaoing from General Administration of Customs, People's Republic of China. Vector Autoregression(VAR) is also employed for the analysis. Findings - First, North Korea's net export to all of China and Liaoning gives the positive effect on North Korean economic growth. Second, the nuclear test of North Korea gives the negative effect on the North Korean economic growth. Third, the net export to China and Liaoning granger causes the North Korean economic growth. Lastly, the nuclear test of North Korea also granger causes the North Korean economic growth. Research implications or Originality - The estimation results show the net export of North Korea to China as well as Liaoning is important to the economic growth. Therefore, we need to examine North Korea's trades with specific region as well as all of China in order to enhance the North Korean economic growth.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.361-373
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• 2022

Purpose - This paper analyzes the student determinants of college non-completion and estimates the effects of each determinant on college non-completion. Design/methodology/approach - We use student panel data from a large Korean university from 2011 to 2021. Our results are from estimation of fixed-effects logit model. Findings - The results show that grade point average, participation in extracurricular activities, the number of counseling sessions with teachers, and financial aid are the main determinants of college non-completion. Academic probation, which is defined as any person who has a cumulative grade point average below a one point seven five, increases the non-completion rate by 2.6 percentage points and an one-point rise in extracurricular activities index reduces the rate by 0.1 percentage points. The effects of each determinant are heterogeneous across student sub-groups which are separated by gender, nationality, and academic discipline. Research implications or Originality - Tailored support programs for academically discouraged students that incorporate student characteristics and backgrounds are necessary to increase college completion rates and degree attainment.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제25권10호
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• pp.1535-1545
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• 2022

Sign language has completely different meaning depending on the direction of the hand or the change of facial expression even with the same gesture. In this respect, it is crucial to capture the spatial-temporal structure information of each movement. However, sign language translation studies based on Sign2Gloss2Text only convey comprehensive spatial-temporal information about the entire sign language movement. Consequently, detailed information (facial expression, gestures, and etc.) of each movement that is important for sign language translation is not emphasized. Accordingly, in this paper, we propose Spatial-temporal Keypoints Centered Sign2Gloss2Text Translation, named STKC-Sign2 Gloss2Text, to supplement the sequential and semantic information of keypoints which are the core of recognizing and translating sign language. STKC-Sign2Gloss2Text consists of two steps, Spatial Keypoints Embedding, which extracts 121 major keypoints from each image, and Temporal Keypoints Embedding, which emphasizes sequential information using Bi-GRU for extracted keypoints of sign language. The proposed model outperformed all Bilingual Evaluation Understudy(BLEU) scores in Development(DEV) and Testing(TEST) than Sign2Gloss2Text as the baseline, and in particular, it proved the effectiveness of the proposed methodology by achieving 23.19, an improvement of 1.87 based on TEST BLEU-4.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.18-33
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• 2020

Purpose - This paper investigated the effect of international trade affects income inequality. It also compares the different effects between developing and developed countries over the period from 2005 to 2014 for 58 countries. Design/methodology - The econometric estimation was used to identify the relationship between export, import, FDI, GDP, unemployment and income inequality. In this empirical analysis, we utilized a Vector Error Correction (VEC) model using panel data. Findings - The findings show that there is a close correlated between trade and income inequality. The higher export ratio of GDP tends to have a 1.79 times more income inequality in developing countries than in developed countries. The higher import ratio of GDP tends to have a 2.44 times higher income inequality in developing countries than in developed countries. Further, Increasing FDI tend to have an approximately 1.43 times higher income inequality in developing countries than in developed countries. Korea is in the middle of developed and developing countries' result. Originality/value - To correct the global income inequality regarding trade, developed countries' proactive trade policies, such as granting preferential tariff benefits to developing countries, are likely to be needed and Income Safety Net in international trade must be taken into account.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper empirically investigates the relationship between Information and Communication Technology (ICT) goods imports and economic growth with a focus on the 13 Asia-Pacific economies during 2005-2016. In particular, this paper extends the study by breaking down the data of Asia-Pacific countries into High Income Countries (HICs) and Low Income Countries (LICs) according to the difference of income levels. Design/methodology - Our empirical model employs the standard growth model based on the Barro (1998)-type growth framework. Using static panel-data technique, we estimate the effect of ICT goods imports on economic growth in the 13 Asia-Pacific economies. In addition, we also estimate a difference of the ICT goods imports-economic growth link between HICs and LICs. Findings -The estimation results indicate that ICT goods import has a significant positive effect on economic growth, while ICT goods export has a positive but statistically insignificant effect on it. When we break down the panel data into HICs and LICs in order to gain further insight, ICT goods imports has been effective in spurring growth in only LICs but not in HICs. The other supplementary results show that both domestic investment (GCF) and life expectancy (LE) have a significantly positive impact on economic growth in both HICs and LICs. Originality/value - The main findings of the paper suggest that ICT goods imports has a positive effect on economic growth in only LICs but not in HICs. This result supports the so-called 'leapfrogging' hypothesis through ICT goods imports in the Asia-Pacific countries, in which LICs are gaining more from ICT goods imports than HICs.

• 웰빙융합연구
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.17-22
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• 2023

Purpose: VOCs (volatile organic compounds) are all the organic compounds that react with solar rays and increase the concentration of ozone in the troposphere and are partially also known as carcinogens. The adsorption using activated carbon is usually applied to remove VOCs. Research design, data and methodology: The 20 places of surface coating facilities were selected to evaluate the emission amount of VOCs in Seoul. In addition, the removal efficiency of VOCs in 25 places of automobile coating facilities was evaluated. Results: The average emission amount of VOCs was 10.903 kg/hr from automobile coating facilities, while 3.520 kg/hr from other surface coating facilities. The removal efficiency in adsorption with the combustion catalytic process has the mean value of 87.9% and the regeneration efficiency of activated carbon has the mean value of 95.0%. Conclusions: The removal efficiency in adsorption with the biofiltration process has the mean value of 89.8% and the regeneration efficiency of activated carbon has the mean value of 94.8%. The removal efficiency in the plasma catalyst process has the mean value of 79.3%.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2023

Geofencing supports unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operation by defining stay-in and stay-out regions. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has developed a prototype of the geofencing function, SAFEGUARD, which prevents stayout region violation by utilizing position estimates. Thus, SAFEGUARD depends on navigation system performance, and the safety risk associated with the navigation system uncertainty should be considered. This study presents a methodology to compute the safety risk assessment-based along-track position error bound under nominal and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) failure conditions. A Kalman filter system using pseudorange measurements as well as pseudorange rate measurements is considered for determining the position uncertainty induced by velocity uncertainty. The worst case pseudorange and pseudorange rate fault-based position error bound under the GNSS failure condition are derived by applying a Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitor (RAIM). Position error bound simulations are also conducted for different GNSS fault hypotheses and constellation conditions with a GNSS/INS integrated navigation system. The results show that the proposed along-track position error bounds depend on satellite geometries caused by UAV attitude change and are reduced to about 40% of those of the single constellation case when using the dual constellation.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.75-86
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• 2022

Purpose: This research aims to provide empirical evidence on the impact of digital literacy on behavioural intention regarding using technology for distribution of higher education. Design, Methodology, and Approach: Quantitative analysis was carried out using Covariance-Based Structural Equation Model with data collected from 901 students who fully experienced 2-year study online at different universities in Vietnam. The structural model was built with digital literacy as the primary indicator and other variables were included based on modified version of Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) by adopting performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, habit, and hedonic motivation variables specifically for education sector. Self-efficacy was added to eliminate possible bias in technology acceptance. Results: From the results of model estimation, digital literacy presented positive impact on the online distribution of higher education in Vietnam. The mediating effects of various indicators such as performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, habit, hedonic motivation, and self-efficacy are significantly determined by research model. Conclusion: The higher level of digital literacy of the students, the more likely that they will use technology in higher education study, especially online learning. Additionally, the mediating effects of indicators from the UTAUT2 theoretical model were also evident to be positively significant.