• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.239-247
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• 2024

When a fire occurs on a naval vessel, rapid suppression and control are essential to mitigate potential human and material losses. Due to the nature of naval vessels, the risk of fuel fires is significant, making the use of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) crucial for effective fire suppression. Additionally, the possibility of fires occurring within compartments on the vessel must also be considered. Understanding the trajectory and application range of AFFF in such environments is vital, necessitating the design of firefighting systems tailored to compartmental conditions. In this study, an analysis was conducted to investigate the feasibility of applying spray height and angle for AFFF using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology as a validation tool. Based on these findings, CFD analysis results applicable to compartment environments on naval vessels were obtained. These results will serve as the foundation for the development of firefighting systems capable of promptly responding to fuel fires within naval vessel compartments.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.167-182
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• 2022

Sedation can resolve anxiety and fear in patients undergoing endoscopy. The use of sedatives has increased in Korea. Appropriate sedation is a state in which the patient feels subjectively comfortable while maintaining the airway reflex for stable spontaneous breathing. The patient should maintain a state of consciousness to the extent that he or she can cooperate with the needs of the medical staff. Despite its benefits, endoscopic sedation has been associated with cardiopulmonary complications. Cardiopulmonary complications are usually temporary. Most patients recover without sequelae. However, they may progress to serious complications, such as cardiovascular collapse. Therefore, it is essential to screen high-risk patients before sedation and reduce complications by meticulous monitoring. Additionally, physicians should be familiar with the management of emergencies. The first Korean clinical practice guideline for endoscopic sedation was developed based on previous worldwide guidelines for endoscopic sedation using an adaptation process. The guideline consists of nine recommendations based on a critical review of currently available data and expert consensus when the guideline was drafted. These guidelines should provide clinicians, nurses, medical school students, and policy makers with information on how to perform endoscopic sedation with minimal risk.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.238-245
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• 2024

The lactate electrode can be utilized either as an electrode for lactate sensor to monitor the patient's health status, stress level, and athlete's fatigue in real time or lactate fuel cell. In this study, we fabricated a high-performance electrode composed of lactate oxidase, catalase, and mitochondria, and investigated the surface analysis and electrochemical properties of this electrode. Carbon paper modified with single-walled carbon nanotubes (CP-SWCNT) had significantly improved electrical conductivity compared to before modification. The electrode to which lactate oxidase, catalase, and mitochondria were attached (CP-SWCNT-LOx-Cat-Mito) produced a higher current than the electrode to which lactate oxidase and catalase were attached. The amount of reduction current produced by the bilirubin oxidase (BOD)-attached electrode (CP-SWCNT-BOD) was greatly affected by the presence or absence of oxygen in the electrolyte. The fuel cell composed of CP-SWCNT-LOx-Cat-Mito (anode) and CP-SWCNT-BOD (cathode) produced maximum power (29 ㎼/cm²) at a discharge current density of 133 ㎂/cm². From this study, we had proved that mitochondria is essential for improving lactate sensor and fuel cell performance.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.155-162
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• 2024

SCr420H steel which is commonly utilized for automotive components requires the carburizing heat treatment process. Abnormal grain growth during this treatment significantly affects the mechanical properties of the steel parts. Consequently, a process designed to prevent abnormal grain growth at certain elevated temperatures is essential. For enhanced grain refinement, we considered the addition of Nb in SCr420H steel. The experimental condition of the carburizing heat treatment involved reheating the steel sample to temperatures between 940℃ and 1080℃. Using scanning electron microscopy, we examined the microstructure of specimens treated with the secondary solution, revealing an organization of bainite and ferrite. Transmission electron microscopy was utilized to determine the type, shape, and size of the carbonitrides, showing a high fraction of AlN at the secondary solution treatment temperature of approximately 1050℃ and of (Nb,Ti)(C,N) around 1200℃. AlN particles measured about 100 nm and (Nb,Ti)(C,N) about 50 nm. Optical microscopy was utilized to assess grain size variations at different secondary solution treatment temperatures. It is noted that the temperature at which abnormal grain coarsening occurred rose with increasing secondary solution treatment temperatures, indicating a greater influence of (Nb,Ti)(C,N) with higher heat treatment temperatures. This research provides reference data for preventing abnormal grain growth in Nb-added low alloy steels undergoing carburizing heat treatment.

• Annals of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.58-68
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• 2022

Backgrounds/Aims: Mechanisms for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to identify genes and pathways involved in the development of HBV-associated HCC. Methods: The GSE121248 gene dataset, which included 70 HCCs and 37 adjacent liver tissues, was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HCCs and adjacent liver tissues were identified. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathway enrichment analyses were then performed. Results: Of 134 DEGs identified, 34 were up-regulated and 100 were down-regulated in HCCs. The 34 up-regulated DEGs were mainly involved in nuclear division, organelle fission, spindle and midbody formation, histone kinase activity, and p53 signaling pathway, whereas the 100 down-regulated DEGs were involved in steroid and hormone metabolism, collagen-coated extracellular matrix, oxidoreductase activity, and activity on paired donors, including incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, monooxygenase activity, and retinol metabolism. Analyses of protein-protein interaction networks with a high degree of connectivity identified significant modules containing 14 hub genes, including ANLN, ASPM, BUB1B, CCNB1, CDK1, CDKN3, ECT2, HMMR, NEK2, PBK, PRC1, RACGAP1, RRM2, and TOP2A, which were mainly associated with nuclear division, organelle fission, spindle formation, protein serine/threonine kinase activity, p53 signaling pathway, and cell cycle. Conclusions: This study identified key genes and carcinogenic pathways that play essential roles in the development of HBV-associated HCC. This may provide important information for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic targets for HCC.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.50
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• pp.69-98
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• 2024

The development of artificial intelligence poses a greater threat to humanity than any other ideology or material phenomenon that has changed human society and culture so far. Based on these changes, the proper direction for research on Daesoon Thought should be determined such that education in the current digital age approached skillfully and the path forward is made more apparent. First, the digitization of Daesoon Thought has accumulated greatly in recent years, and these archives are accessed through data mining which can be activated to find data, specify meanings and patterns, and reveal significance and values. Second, by applying the results of data mining to Daesoon Thought education, the causal, correlational, and response relationships between events, characters, and relics can be studied. Daesoon Thought education that demonstrates imagination should be provided through the 'creation of personal networks,' the 'creation of a timeline of events,' and the 'creation of an electronic cultural map of where those events occurred.' Third, digital archives should not only be focused on structured materials such as newsletters and papers. Ideas about data mining and data visualization should be actively developed and research should be expanded toward data science. In addition, the creation of a common platform for digital Daesoon Thought should be regarded as essential. Through this research, Daesoon Thought can be guided to take on this fundamental challenge in order to emerge as a future leader in this digital age and advent of digital humanities.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2024

Puddling before rice transplanting, which has been practiced traditionally, is no longer considered an essential process due to the overall development of agriculture. Non-puddling, a technique that omits rotary plow in a flooded condition after leveling and transplants immediately. In this study, we conducted the first case study in South Korea on the differences between puddling and non-puddling, and uploaded some of the data to Github. The effects of shortening and dispersing practices during the busy farming season, suppressing soil plow pan formation, and preventing non-point pollution emissions were confirmed in the early stages before and after transplanting. However, some limitations such as weed occurrence when lots of rain or water management practices fail, so it is recommended to implement non-puddling in irrigated paddy fields.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.209-218
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• 2024

The National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS) operates in-house long-range climate forecasting system to support the agricultural use of climate forecast data. This system, developed through collaborative research with Pusan National University, is based on the PNU/RDA Coupled General Circulation Model (CGCM) and includes the regional climate model WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting). It generates detailed climate forecast data for periods ranging from 1 to 6 months, covering 20 key variables such as daily maximum, minimum, and average temperatures, precipitation, and agricultural meteorological elements like solar radiation, soil moisture, and ground temperature-factors essential for agricultural forecasting. The data are provided at a daily temporal resolution with a spatial resolution of a 5km grid, which can be used in point form (interpolated) or averaged across administrative regions. The system's seasonal temperature and precipitation forecasts align closely with observed climatological data, accurately reflecting spatial and topographical influences, confirming its reliability. These long-range forecasts from NAS are expected to offer valuable insights for agricultural planning and decision-making. The detailed forecast data can be accessed through the Climate Change Assessment Division of NAS.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.77
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• pp.127-150
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• 2024

This study seeks to shed light on the contributions of Horst Klaus Berg to German Bible didactics, underscoring the pivotal role of diverse interpretative approaches in the teaching and learning of the Bible. In an era where the complexities and intricacies of the Bible present significant challenges to contemporary readers, the prevalence of one-dimensional interpretations further obstructs the pathway to a profound comprehension of the spiritual depth embedded within its texts. By centering on Horst Klaus Berg's influential theories in the field of German Bible didactics, this research delves into the impact of varied biblical interpretations on Christian education. Berg's work is celebrated for its insightful strategies, notably his advocacy for comprehensive interpretative methods such as "Railway Tracks" and "Free-Learning." These approaches seek to reconcile traditional biblical teachings with individual experiences, thereby facilitating a more expansive understanding of the Bible's applicability to modern life. Through a detailed examination of Berg's theory on biblical interpretation, this paper argues that Christian education must prioritize the cultivation of diverse interpretative skills and their practical integration into Bible study. This educational model encourages learners to become active interpreters, capable of discerning the text's deep-seated meanings by relating it to their personal experiences. The study concludes by affirming Berg's delineation of three critical tasks in biblical interpretation: "reciprocal interpretation," "acknowledgment of the biblical texts' diversity," and "free learning." These elements are portrayed as interrelated and essential, reinforcing Berg's proposition that understanding the Bible's complexity and diversity is crucial for advancing Christian education. This paper offers a novel perspective on the significance of embracing multifaceted interpretations within the domain of biblical studies.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.400-407
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• 2024

The role of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in modern warfare is increasingly significant, making their capacity for autonomous missions essential. Accordingly, autonomous target detection/identification based on captured images is crucial, yet the effectiveness of AI models depends on image sharpness. Therefore, this study describes how to determine the field of view (FOV) of the camera and the flight position of the UAV considering the required spatial resolution. Firstly, the calculation of the size of the acquisition area is discussed in relation to the relative position of the UAV and the FOV of the camera. Through this, this paper first calculates the area that can satisfy the spatial resolution and then calculates the relative position of the UAV and the FOV of the camera that can satisfy it. Furthermore, this paper propose a method for calculating the effective range of the UAV's position that can satisfy the required spatial resolution, centred on the coordinate to be photographed. This is then processed into a tabular format, which can be used for mission planning.