• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.187-192
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• 1988

Each of twenty blood samples taken from apparently healthy Korean cows was used to produce five different mixtures of autologous plasma and blood corpuscles such that their values of packed cell volume(PCV) lay between 10 to 50ml/100ml. The measurement of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) using 45 degree-angled Wintrobe hematocrit tube, 3mm bore, ($45^{\circ}$-Wintrobe-ESR) was practiced for the blood of various levels of PCV under the ambient temperature of $10^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$. Correlation of the ESR to the ambient temperature showed linear regression each in five levels of PCV. The ESR increased with ascending ambient temperature, and magnitude of the increase of the ESR became greater as the level of PCV lowered. Correlation of the ESR to PCV showed curvilinear regression each in three levels of the ambient temperature, and the ESR was increased with decreasing PCV. The data were statistically analysed and a list of relative anticipated $45^{\circ}$-Wintrobe-ESR values for PCV and ambient temperature was presented.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.445-455
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• 1989

The proteins of the ruminant erythrocyte membranes were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, and their relations to the slow erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR) of the ruminants were investigated by treating the erythrocytes with proteinases such as trypsin, chymotrypsin and pronase, and glycosidases such as neuraminidase and galactosidase. Protein content in the erythrocyte membrane was $2.85{\pm}0.28$ in human, $3.60{\pm}0.41$ in Korean cattle, $3.71{\pm}0.36$ in Holstein, $4.13{\pm}0.83$ in Korean native goat and $3.94{\pm}0.56mg/ml$ in sheep, showing higher in ruminant animals than in human(p<0.01). Although the general protein profiles of the ruminant erythrocyte membranes were almost similar to that of human, all the ruminant erythrocyte membranes showed one additional protein band, called band-Q in the previous report on proteins of bovine erythrocyte membrane, which migrated electrophoretically to the mid position between band-2 and band-3 in human erythrocyte membranes. The glycoprotein profiles of ruminant erythrocyte membranes revealed by periodic acid Schiff(PAS) stain showed a marked difference from that of human. The PAS-1(glycophorin) and PAS-2(sialoglycogrotein) present in human erythrocyte membranes were almost absent from the ruminant animals. Instead, a strong PAS-positive band near the origin of the electrophorograms, which was named as PAS-B in the previous report on proteins of bovine erythrocyte membranes, was shown in the ruminant animals except sheep. In addition, the erythrocyte membranes of Korean native goat and sheep showed a moderate PAS-negative band near the tracking dye of the electrophorograms, which was named as PAS-G in this study. In the erythrocyte treated with the enzymes, the migration of each protein fracture of erythrocyte membranes in response to each enzyme was diverse according to different species or breed of ruminant animals. Among others, band-Q present in ruminants was slightly or moderately decreased by trypsin-, chymotrypsin-, and pronase- treatments of the erythrocytes, but not only in sheep. It was particularly noticeable that PAS-B, a fraction of glycoprotein, present in ruminants except sheep, was better digested by proteinases than by glycosidases, showing remarkable increase(p<0.01) of the ESR in accord with complete digestion(disappearance) of the PAS-B band by pronase, trypsin or chymotrypsin treatment of erythrocytes. In sheep, there was almost no any response to the various enzymes in general protein and glycoprotein profiles of the erythrocyte membranes except PAS-G, which was markedly decreased by pronase treatment of the erythrocytes. Nevertheless, the ESRs were accelerated in erythrocytes treated with pronase, trypsin, chymotrypsin and neuraminidase. Erythrocyte osmotic fragility was increased in erythrocytes treated with only pronase among five enzymes in all the human and ruminant animals used in this study.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 1989

The proteins of the bovine erythrocyte membrane were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, and their relations to the slow sedimentation rate of bovine erythrocytes were investigated by treating the erythrocytes with trypsin. The erythrocyte sedimentation rates of bovine erythrocytes from Holstein and Korean native cattle were very slow compared with the human one (1/7 as slow as the human one) as reported previously. However, when human and Holstein erythrocytes were treated with trypsin (0.2 and 0.5 mg/ml) for 1 hour at ${37^{\circ}C}$, their sedimentation rates were markedly accelerated while the sedimentation rate of Korean native cattle's erythrocytes were not affected. Although the general protein profiles of the bovine erythrocyte membranes were almost similar to that of human, bovine erythrocyte membranes showed one additional protein band, called band Q in this study, which migrated electrophoretically to the mid-position between band 2 and band 3 in human erythrocyte membranes. Treatment of Holstein and human erythrocytes with trypsin caused a decrease or disapperance of the band Q from the erythrocyte membrane. Although the band Q in Korean native cattle's erythroyte membrane was decreased by trypsin treatment of the erythrocytes, the magnitude of the decrement was not so pronounced as in the case of human and Holstein erythrocytes. The glycoprotein profiles of the bovine erythrocyte membranes revealed by periodic acid-Schiff stain showed a marked difference from that of human. The PAS-1 (glycophorin) and PAS-2 (sialoglycoprotein) present in human erythrocyte membrane were almost absent from the bovine erythrocyte membranes. Instead, the bovine erythrocyte membranes showed a strong PAS-positive band near the origin of the electrophorograms, which is named as PAS-B in this study. The PAS-B band was disappered completely by the trypsin treatment of Holstein erythrocytes whereas the PAS-B band in Korean native cattle's erythrocyte membrane still remained after the trypsin treatment. The trypsin treatment of Korean native cattle's erythrocytes, however, led to the appearance of small molecular weight peptides, indicating that the high molecular weight glycoproteins were degraded by trypsin as in human and Holstein ones. These results suggest that the slow sedimentation rate of bovine erythrocytes is due in part to the presence of band Q protein fraction and PAS-B glycoprotein in the bovine erythrocytes.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2001

The protein of the bovine, horse and dog erythrocyte membrane were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and their relation to the sedimentation rate of animal erythrocytes were investigated by treating the erythrocytes with proteinases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin. Protein content in erythrocyte membrane was in human, in Jindo dog, in cattle and in horse, showing similar in among. The erythrocyte sedimentation rates bovine erythrocytes from Hostein and Korean native cattle were very slow compared with the human one(1/7 as slow as the human one) as reported previously. Although the general protein profiles of the bovine erythrocyte membranes were almost similar to that of human, bovine erythrocyte membranes showed one additional protein band, called band Q in this study, which migrated electrophoretically to the mid-position between band 2 and band 3 in human erythrocyte membranes. The erythrocyte sedimentation of race horse were very fast compared with the human one are reported previously. Although the general protein profiles of the race horse erythrocyte membranes were almost similar to that of human, band 3 content was showing higher in race horse(34.7%) than in human(25.3%). The general protein profile of the Jindo dog erythrocyte membrane was almost similar to the human patterns, Jindo dog erythrocyte membranes showed one absent protein band. It was band 7. The glycoprotein profiles of the bovine erythrocyte membranes revealed by periodic acid-Schiff(PAS) stain showed a marked difference from that of human. The PAS-1(glycophorin) and PAS-2(sialoglycoprotein) present in human erythrocyte membrane were almost absent from the bovine erythrocyte membranes showed a strong PAS-positive band near the origin of the electraphorograms, which is named as PAS-B in this study. The PAS-1 and PAS-2 present in human erythrocyte membrane were almost absent from race horse erythrocyte membranes, but PAS-2 was more in only race horse from that of human. The PAS-1 and PAS-2 were absolutely absent from the Jindo dog erythrocyte membrane. These results suggest the slow sedimentation rate of bovine erythrocytes is due in part to the presence of band Q protein fraction and PAS-B glycoprotein in the bovine erythrocytes, and that the fast sedimentation rate of race horse erythrocyte is due in part to the presence of more band 3 protein fraction and PAS-E glycoproteins in the race horse erythrocytes.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.346-350
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• 2010

Purpose: Diagnosis of diabetic foot infection is sometimes difficult, since the classical inflammatory signs and leukocytosis may be absent due to the decreased host immune response in diabetics. Therefore inflammatory blood markers, such as white blood cell (WBC) count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been commonly needed to confirm the diagnosis of infection. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of WBC, ESR and CRP for detection of diabetic foot infection. Methods: Peripheral blood samples were taken from 113 patients with diabetic foot ulcers admitted from June 2007 to April 2009. Diabetic foot infection was diagnosed according to the microbiological culture from soft tissue and bone specimens. Reference values of tests were 4500-11000 /${\mu}L$ for WBC count, 0-20 mm/hr for ESR, and 0-5 mg/L for $CRP^{13,14}$. Sensitivities, specificities, positive and negative predictive values of laboratory tests were calculated and analysed. Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve was also created. Results: There was a significant difference in WBC, ESR, and CRP between infectious group and noninfectious group (p<0.05). The sensitivity of WBC>11,000 /${\mu}L$ ESR > 20 mm/hr, and CRP > 5 mg/L was 30%, 96%, and 84%. The specificity was 86%, 14%, and 50% for WBC, ESR, and CRP, respectively. Positive predictive value was 88%, 78%, and 84%, and negative predictive value was 28%, 50%, and 50% respectively. The areas under the ROC curve for WBC, ESR and CRP were 0.72, 0.75, and 0.78 respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, we conclude that CRP is more useful method in predicting and diagnosing infection than WBC, ESR in diabetic foot ulcer patients.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.218-223
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• 1992

Serum C-reactive protein(CRP) levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rates(ESR) were measured in 46 patients treated with uncomplicated primary hip replacements, 39 total tip replacements and 7 bipolar hip replacements. In uncomplicated primary hip replacements, ESR levels were slightly elevated preoperatively and were variable postoperatively. But CRP was normal before surgery and elevated in postoperative course, but back to normal within three weeks in most cases. Early success of hip arthroplasty is indicated by normalization of CRP within three weeks, regardless of ESR. Since ESR seems to react somewhat differently from the CRP, both methods are useful in the monitoring of complications after hip arthroplasty.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.206-210
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• 2005

Objective : Our aim is to evaluate the early changes of biologic markers such as white blood cell[WBC] count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate[ESR] and C-reactive protein[CRP] in early diagnosis of postoperative infection and to differentiate infection from inflammatory reaction in lumbar spine surgery. Methods : We reviewed 330patients who had undergone spinal operations between May 1999 and October 2001. For this study, the patients were classified into two groups, which include a group that underwent spinal decompressive surgery without instrumentation[SD], and the other group that underwent fusion surgery with spinal instrumentation[SI]. And each group was also subdivided into two groups respectively, one with infection and the other without infection. We retrospectively analyzed the WBC count, ESR and CRP preoperatively and postoperatively, according to their operation type and postoperative infection history. Results : Inflammatory indices were physiologically affected by instrumentation itself. But ESR and CRP elevations were more prolonged and sustained under infection. In SD patients without infection, ESR and CRP were stabilized 5 days after surgery. In SI patients without infection, CRP was stabilized about 7days after surgery, but ESR showed sustained and variously elevated. In both SD and SI groups, the stabilization of CRP was the most reliable behavior of surgery without infection. Conclusion : C-reactive protein is most sensitive parameter for postoperative spine infection. The knowledge of the inflammatory indices and their relatively uniform patterns with or without infection offers surgeons the ability to infer the state of surgical wound.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.218-223
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• 2014

Objective : C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are often utilized to evaluate for postoperative infection. Abnormal values may be detected after surgery even in case of non-infection because of muscle injury, transfusion, which disturbed prompt perioperative management. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the perioperative CRP, ESR, and white blood cell (WBC) counts after spine surgery, which was proved to be non-infection. Methods : Twenty patients of lumbar open discectomy (LOD) and 20 patients of posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) were enrolled in this study. Preoperative and postoperative prophylactic antibiotics were administered routinely for 7 days. Blood samples were obtained one day before surgery and postoperative day (POD) 1, POD3, and POD7. Using repeated measures ANOVA, changes in effect measures over time and between groups over time were assessed. All data analysis was conducted using SAS v.9.1. Results : Changes in CRP, within treatment groups over time and between treatment groups over time were both statistically significant F(3,120)=5.05, p=0.003 and F(1,39)=7.46, p=0.01, respectively. Most dramatic changes were decreases in the LOD group on POD3 and POD7. Changes in ESR, within treatment groups over time and between treatment groups over time were also found to be statistically significant, F(3,120)=6.67, p=0.0003 and F(1,39)=3.99, p=0.01, respectively. Changes in WBC values also were be statistically significant within groups over time, F(3,120)=40.52, p<0.001, however, no significant difference was found in between groups WBC levels over time, F(1,39)=0.02, p=0.89. Conclusion : We found that, dramatic decrease of CRP was detected on POD3 and POD7 in LOD group of non-infection and dramatic increase of ESR on POD3 and POD7 in PLIF group of non-infection. We also assumed that CRP would be more effective and sensitive parameter especially in LOD than PLIF for early detection of infectious complications. Awareness of the typical pattern of CRP, ESR, and WBC may help to evaluate the early postoperative course.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.175-185
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• 1986

The measurement of angled erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), as a replacement for perpendicular ESR, for cattle blood was scrutinized since it has been well known that perpendicular ESR in cattle is too slow to be adopted as an effective clinical test. Samples of blood were taken from 186 Korean native cattle over 2 years old. The results obtained in the experiment were summarized as follows. 1. Average values of perpendicular ESR/24hrs in 15 apparently healthy cattle, as measured by Wintrobe, Westergren and capillary tubes, were $5.8{\pm}2.2$, $11.1{\pm}3.7$ and $10.4{\pm}4.5%$ respectively, which were found to be similar to the values of perpendicular ESR/hr of normal blood of human. 2. The ESR was determined in the tubes held at 90, 75, 60, 45, 30 and 15-degree angles, using 3 types of tubes. For the diagnostic purposes, the best results were obtained from the tubes held at 45-degree angle. 3. The angled ESR values increased as the diameters of the tube-bores decreased. 4. The tube length did not affect the angled ESR(%). 5. The angled ESR values increased with the increased environmental temperature during the ESR measurement. 6. The storage temperature at $5^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$, of the blood for 24 hours did not affect the angled ESR. 7. Samples of blood were treated with 4 kinds of anticoagulants (heparin, $K_2$-EDTA, double oxalate and sodium citrate) and the ESR was determined at 45-degree angle, using capillary hematocrit tubes. The ESR values were higher in the blood samples treated with sodium citrate than in those treated with other anticoagulants. 8. By using the autologous plasma, the PCV was adjusted to be 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50ml/100ml and the ESR was determined in the capillary hematocrit and Wintrobe tubes held at 45 degrees. In both of the methods the ESRs increased as the values of PCV decreased. The regressions of ESR to PCV in both 45-degree-angled capillary and Wintrobe tubes were curvilinear. For the capillary hematocrit tubes the second degree polynomial $Y=61.9779-2.3533x+0.0228x^2$ (r=0.9999) fits the data. And in the case of Wintrobe tubes the second degree polynomial $Y=27.9767-1.1314x-0.0117x^2$ (r=0.9998) fits the data. 9. The 45-degree angled ESR was determined in the blood of 71 healthy Korean native cows using capillary hematocrit tubes. The average PCV was $35.4{\pm}3.6ml/100ml$. The observed ESR/hr averaged $7.2{\pm}2.7%$, while the corrected ESR/hr to a PCV of 36ml/100ml averaged $6.6{\pm}1.3%$. From these results it was concluded that to obtain the best results the ESR/hr of Korean native cattle should be determined at 45-degree angle at room temperature($20^{\circ}C$) using capillary hematocrit tubes.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.85-93
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• 2007

Summary of background data: It is researched until now and the researches against the effect of position cold treatment the effect which pain threshold, change of skin temperature, researches the effective stiffness, the coldness in the patient it applied and relax an inflammation do the researches against were insufficient. Purpose: This project was to see how much it gives effect by using the cold air therapy an inflammation relief of rheumatoid arthritis patient. Methods: The medical subjects were 10 people from standard to diagnosis category of American College of Rheumatology(ACR) who had rheumatoid arthritis and to inspect informations about inflammation relief, have inspected ESR(erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and WBC(white blood cells). The experiment method was to let the patient bend the joint and lay down flat and treat with cold air from 10 cm away from joint line repeating 5 minutes treatment 1 minute rest and 3 minutes treatment. ESR and WBC cold air therapy reported with 5 days gap and each patient has been applied for 3 times. Result: The 5th day and 10th days ESR and WBC value shows when using cold air therapy, there was a reduction on rejected group but didn't last long, but 15th day it showed only on WBC it had its attention. Conclusions: So the cold air therapy shows it has positive effects on inflammation relief of rheumatoid arthritis patient.