• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.711-720
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the appropriate amount of eri silkworm pupae meal (Samia ricini) to add to the broiler diet. Methods: Two hundred 1-day-old male chicks with initial weight at 50.03±0.56 g/chick were divided into four groups (five replicates per group and ten chicks per replicate): a control group fed a corn-soybean diet and experimental groups supplemented with 5%, 10%, or 15% eri silkworm pupae meal. All experimental diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and formulated respecting nutrient requirements. Growth performances were collected during the experimental period and other parameters were collected at the end of experiment when broilers reached thirty-eight days old. Results: A higher cold carcass weight and skin yellowness in the broilers fed 10% eri silkworm pupae meal compared with the other groups (p<0.05). Therefore, supplementation with 10% eri silkworm pupae meal is suggested for the broiler diet formulation because it did not cause any serious negative consequences on growth performance, health status, carcass characteristics and meat quality. However, the usage of eri silkworm pupae meal at 15% is not recommend because it led to negative outcomes Conclusion: The addition of eri silkworm pupae at 10% can be used as an alternative protein sources for broiler chickens which provided benefits on cold carcass weight and skin yellowness without adverse effects.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.93-96
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• 1991

The "Manta"(Juvenile hormone analogue-Methoprene) was topically applied at 36.48 and 72 hrs after the fourth ecdysis to eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini with doses of 2.75$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 4/0$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ and 8.0$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$. The eri silkworm responded to 2.75$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ of "Manta" applied at 72 hrs after the fourth ecdysis, resulting in improvement of larval, cocoon, pupal and cocoon shell weigths.ocoon shell weigths.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.32-38
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• 2014

Food consumption and conversion efficiency of eri silkworm Samia ricini Donovan were studied during $4^{th}$ and $5^{th}$ larval instars by feeding castor leaves fortified with 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm concentrations of aqueous extracts of cyanobacteria Anabaena variabilis. The nutritional indices viz., ingesta, digesta, approximate digestibility (%), reference ratio and efficiency parameters like ECI and ECD were recorded which were significantly high at 400 ppm concentration treated batches of $4^{th}$ instar larvae over control batches. The decline in nutritional efficiency parameters of $5^{th}$ instar treated larvae might be due to higher utilization of the digested food for metabolic activities. Significant difference of ECI to cocoon % and non-significant difference of ECD to cocoon% and shell were observed between the treatments and control. Cyanabacteria feed supplement contains antibiotic and nutritions factors which has reflective effect on the biological parameters in eri silkworm and therefore has greater application in commercial eri silkworm rearing.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.13-17
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• 2002

Present communication deals with quantitative determination of total lipid, triglycerides, total free fatty acids, phospholipids and total cholesterol in the fat body tissue of the silkworm adapted to low and high temperatures. At the end of spinning process is characterized by a marked cellular reorganization of the different lipid fraction of the fat body irrespective of thermal acclimation. Accordingly, the per cent composition of triglycerides of the total lipid is increased accompanied by a corresponding decrease in free fatty acids, phospholipids and cholesterol.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2005

Parthenogenesis in mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. acquires immense use in the development of outstanding homozygous lines with higher viability, hybrid vigour, combining ability and less phenotypic variability. It can serve as a powerful tool in controlling sex of the offsprings as well as a useful tool in selection. In fact India is the second largest silk producing country in the world next only to China and all the five types of natural silks viz., mulberry, oak tasar, tropical tasar, muga and eri are produced in India. However, little information is available on the role of artificial parthenogenesis in the development of superior silkworm breeds. This paper overviews some important studies carried out on artificial parthenogenesis, and outline of different types of parthenogenesis, methods of induction of artificial parthenogenesis, factors responsible for successful parthenogenetic development, cytogenetics of artificial parthenogenesis and role of artificial parthenogenesis in silkworm breeding. Besides, an attempt is made to describe briefly about parthenogenetic engineering which includes cloning in silkworm, artificial insemination, chimeras, hybridization, chromosomal substitution and recombinant DNA in silkworm.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

The Indian golden muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis Helfer is an economically important wild silkworm endemic to Northeastern part of India. In recent years, climate change has posed a threat to muga silk production due to the requirement that larvae be reared outdoors. Since the muga silkworm larvae are exposed to the vagaries of nature, the changing climate has increased the incidence of microbial diseases in the rearing fields. Accurate diagnosis of the disease causing pathogens and its associated epidemiology are prerequisites to manage the diseases in the rearing field. Although conventional microbial culturing methods are widely used to identify pathogenic bacteria, they would not provide meaningful information on a wide variety of silkworm pathogens. The information on use of molecular diagnostic tools in detection of microbial pathogens of wild silk moths is very limited. A wide range of molecular and immunodiagnostic techniques including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), random amplified polymorphism (RAPD), 16S rRNA/ITSA gene sequencing, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunofluorescence, and repetitive-element PCR (Rep-PCR), have been used for detecting and characterizing the pathogens of insects with economic significance. Nevertheless, the application of these molecular tools for detecting and typing entomopathogens in surveillance studies of muga silkworm rearing is very limited. Here, we discuss the possible application of these molecular techniques, their advantages and major limitations. These methods show promise in better management of diseases in muga ecosystem.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.83-91
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• 2002

The protection of silkworm and its host plants from various kinds of pests parasite and predator is a chronic problem in sericulture. Silkworms and its primary food plants are heavily damaged by large number of pest. The major pests of primary tasar food plants (Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia tomentosa) are the gall insect (Trioza fletcheri minor). Various species of aphids (Eutrichosiphum sp.) have been recorded to damage oak tasar food plants whereas muga silkworm host plants (Machilus bombycina and Litsaea polyantha) are generally attacked by stem bores (Zeuzera multistrigata). Castor (Ricinus communis) is one of the primary host plant of eri silkworm and extensive damage is caused by the castor white fly (Trialeurodes ricini). Insects pests are major enemies of silkworms. Parasites (Blepharipa zebina, Exorista bombycis, Apateles glomeratus), predators (Canthecona furcellata, Sycanus collaris, Hierodulla bipapilla), wasps (Vespa orientalix) and ants (Oecophylla smargdina) continues to cause damage to silk industry. It is estimated that the losses due to parasites and predators are to an extent of 15-20 percent and varies from crop to crop. The complexities in the behaviour and life cycle of pest population existing in semi ecosystem warrant a special attention for their effective management specially in changing scenario for our modern sericulture. Though use of synthetic insecticides has provided us with effective control of almost all major pests and predators, yet their undesirable side effects limit their continued use. Biological control is one of the most important method which can be used to control the pests, parasites and predators population in sericulture. Various potential parasitoids, which can be utilized as an agent of biological control in sericulture have been screened. The natural enemies of the uzi fly (E. bombycis and B. zebina ) are already present in the nature. Nesolynx thymus, Trichria sp., Splangia endius, Dirhinus sp., Trichopria sp., Trichomalopsis apanteloctena and Pediobius sp. are the major parasitoids effective against uzi fly pupa. The scelionid Psix striaticeps and Trissolcus sp. are the Potential egg Parasitoids against stink bug (Canthecona furcellata). Various other native natural potential parasitoids have been screened and suitable strategies have been developed to check the population of pest insect in sericulture.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제9권
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• pp.49-66
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• 1969

피마잠은 열제비충의 다화성이고 피마자엽과 가죽나무잎을 먹는다. 피마자는 열대지방에서는 다년생이나 우리나라에서는 채종목적으로 매년 재배할 수 있다. 따라서 피마자는 농민의 자의에 따라 수시로 재배를 할 수 있고 피마잠도 그 경제성에 입각하여 사육할 수 있는 점이 가잠과 다르다. 한편 피마잠이 가죽나무잎을 먹는다는 사실도 본 잠업의 안정성을 기약할 수 있는 도움이 된다. 이러한 입장에서 필자들은 1963년이래 본 피마잠을 한국에서 가공개발하기 위하여 연구하여 산업화단계에 이르렀으므로 33개 실험결과를 종합하여 보고하게 되었다. 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 피마종자 채종밀도가 90cm$\times$90cm일때 종자와 수엽량이 가장 좋았다. 2. 피마잠사육과 관련하여 엽량의 1/3까지 본잠사육에 이용하여도 채종량에 감소가 없다. 3. 4월 중순에 파종한 것이 가장 좋은 성적을 보였다. 4. 가죽나무종자를 파종할때는 26$^{\circ}C$의 물에 2~3일 침청한 다음 파종하는 것이 좋다. 5. 가죽나무종자의 파종밀도는 l0ａ당 유개종자 15~18입정도가 좋았다. 6. 이식밀도는 10a당 800~1000주정도가 좋았다. 7. 가죽나무묘목은 일년에 9~4척 자라며 수엽량은 400g 정도이었다. 그리고 3회 수엽 가능하므로 10a 취수엽량은 2000kg가 초년에 가능하고 3차 연도에는 400kg을 수견할 수 있는 5000kg의 수엽량을 얻을 수 있었다. 8. 피마자엽과 가죽나무로의 화학조성분석을 하여 그 채양가치가 좋은 사실을 알았다. B. 동기 잠종 보전 1. 피마잠은 다화성인 관계로 동기에 생엽이 재배되지 않는 한국에서는 월년이 되지 않는다. 2. 건엽침수엽사육은 동기사율을 가능하게 하나 그 생란성적이 생엽사육구의 반절도 되지 못하였다. 3. 현단계로는 냉온처리에 의한 통기연장법과 3월경에 온실재배한 피마자엽사육으로 그 원기를 회복 시킨 다음 다시 같은 식의 통기연장법을 병용한는 것이 실용면에서 가장 좋은 방법이었다. 그러나 이 문제는 좀더 효과적인 방법이 연구되어야 할 것이다. C. 육잠과 잠란생산 1. 여러가지 피마잠의 형태적 및 생리적 기초조사를 하였다. 2. 본 잠은 가잠보다 잠병에 강하였다. 3. 사육경과일수는 평균 18일간(최소 15일, 최대 20일간)이여서 가잠의 것보다 짧았다. 4. 잠아교미시간은 15시간이상 필요하고 온습도는 20~23$^{\circ}C$, 70% R.H가 좋았다. 5. 산란 제2일차 잠란의 부화성적이 가장 좋았다. 6. 잠란정화보호는 20~$25^{\circ}C$, 80~90% R.H의 온습도로 보호하는 것이 좋았다. 7. 생산용 피마잠사육과 채종용 피마잠사육은 별도로 진행시키는 것이 좋았다. D. 잠견 이용성 1. 본잠견은 장직유조사는 불가능하였고 방적사로 가공할 수 있었다. 2. 견증비율은 13%로서 가잠견보다 낮았다. 3. 견사직도는 1.8d로서 가잠 견사직도 보다 가늘고 촉감이 유연하였다. 4. 방적과정은 산업화할 수 있었다. 5. 본잠용도 채유용 기타 이용성이 가잠과 동일하다. E. 생산성 전망 1. 피마자재배는 채종목적과 피마잠사육을 겸하여 할 때 수입성이 증가될 것이다. 2. 특히 야생가죽나무엽이 이용되는 사실은 본잠사육이 편리한 조건이다. 3. 본방적사의 가격은 가잠견사와 같이 판매성이 좋을 것이다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.165-168
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• 2008

The hybrid ($CSR2{\times}CSR4$) eggs treated with acid were taken up for the study with an objective to develop long-term preservation schedule. The hybrid eggs obtained with two mating duration (3 h and 6 h) and oviposition period (6 h and 24 h) with two age groups of eggs (24 h and 36 h) were treated with Hydrochloric acid. These eggs were subjected to preservation at $5^{\circ}C$ in single step refrigeration and at $5^{\circ}C$ and $2.5^{\circ}C$ under double step refrigeration from $10{\sim}120$ days. These eggs were released from the cold storage as per the specified durations and incubated at standard conditions and allowed 2 h for hatching at 450 lux light. Hatchability was found to be significantly higher or on par with the control in three treatments (T1, T2 and T4) where the eggs are preserved continuously at $5^{\circ}C$ up to 30 days. However under double step refrigeration, hatching was not significantly affected in 20+60 day's combination of T1 treatment up to 80 days. Bioassay studies of the promising treatment i.e.. T1 with (20+60) days indicated that early stage loss and cocoon yield was found to be on par with the control. Hence this treatment was recommended for preservation of acid treated new bivoltine hybrid layings. Details of the hatchability and rearing performance of long term preservation of acid treated eggs are discussed.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.6-16
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• 2015

This study established the genetic characterisation of 10 microsporidian isolates infecting non-mulberry silkworms (Antheraea assamensis and Samia cynthia ricini) collected from biogeographical forest locations in the State of Assam, India, using PCR-based markers assays: inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). A Nosema type species (NIK-1s_mys) was used as control for comparison. The shape of mature microsporidian spores were observed oval to elongated, measuring 3.80 to $4.90{\mu}m$ in length and 2.60 to $3.05{\mu}m$ in width. Fourteen ISSR primers generated reproducible profiles and yielded 178 fragments, of which 175 were polymorphic (98%), while 16 RAPD primers generated reproducible profiles with 198 amplified fragments displaying 95% of polymorphism. Estimation of genetic distance coefficients based on dice coefficients method and clustering with un-weighted pair group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA) analysis was done to unravel the genetic diversity of microsporidians infecting Indian muga and eri silkworm. The similarity coefficients varied from 0.385 to 0.941 in ISSR and 0.083 to 0.938 in RAPD data. UPGMA analysis generated dendrograms with two microsporidian groups, which appear to be different from each other. Based on Euclidean distance matrix method, 2-dimensional distribution also revealed considerable variability among different identified microsporidians. Clustering of these microsporidian isolates was in accordance with their host and biogeographic origin. Both techniques represent a useful and efficient tool for taxonomical grouping as well as for phylogenetic classification of different microsporidians in general and genotyping of these pathogens in particular.