International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials

Korean Society of Sericultural Science (한국잠사학회)
권호 표지

Biological Control of Pests of Non-Mulberry Silkworms and Its Host Plants in India

  • Singh, R.N. (Central Silk Board, B. T. M. Lay out Madivala) ;
  • Maheshwari, M. (Central Silk Board, B. T. M. Lay out Madivala)
  • Published : 2002.06.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The protection of silkworm and its host plants from various kinds of pests parasite and predator is a chronic problem in sericulture. Silkworms and its primary food plants are heavily damaged by large number of pest. The major pests of primary tasar food plants (Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia tomentosa) are the gall insect (Trioza fletcheri minor). Various species of aphids (Eutrichosiphum sp.) have been recorded to damage oak tasar food plants whereas muga silkworm host plants (Machilus bombycina and Litsaea polyantha) are generally attacked by stem bores (Zeuzera multistrigata). Castor (Ricinus communis) is one of the primary host plant of eri silkworm and extensive damage is caused by the castor white fly (Trialeurodes ricini). Insects pests are major enemies of silkworms. Parasites (Blepharipa zebina, Exorista bombycis, Apateles glomeratus), predators (Canthecona furcellata, Sycanus collaris, Hierodulla bipapilla), wasps (Vespa orientalix) and ants (Oecophylla smargdina) continues to cause damage to silk industry. It is estimated that the losses due to parasites and predators are to an extent of 15-20 percent and varies from crop to crop. The complexities in the behaviour and life cycle of pest population existing in semi ecosystem warrant a special attention for their effective management specially in changing scenario for our modern sericulture. Though use of synthetic insecticides has provided us with effective control of almost all major pests and predators, yet their undesirable side effects limit their continued use. Biological control is one of the most important method which can be used to control the pests, parasites and predators population in sericulture. Various potential parasitoids, which can be utilized as an agent of biological control in sericulture have been screened. The natural enemies of the uzi fly (E. bombycis and B. zebina ) are already present in the nature. Nesolynx thymus, Trichria sp., Splangia endius, Dirhinus sp., Trichopria sp., Trichomalopsis apanteloctena and Pediobius sp. are the major parasitoids effective against uzi fly pupa. The scelionid Psix striaticeps and Trissolcus sp. are the Potential egg Parasitoids against stink bug (Canthecona furcellata). Various other native natural potential parasitoids have been screened and suitable strategies have been developed to check the population of pest insect in sericulture.

Keywords

References

  1. Beine, B. P. (1984) Avoidable obstacle to colonization in classical biological control of insects. Can. J. Zool. 63, 743-747. https://doi.org/10.1139/z85-108
  2. Braman, S. K. and K.V Yeargan (1989) Reproductive strategy of Trissolcus euschisti (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) under conditions of partially used host resources Ann. Entomol.Soc. Amer. 82, 172-176. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/82.2.172
  3. DeBach, P. (1974) Biological Control by Natural enemies. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
  4. Flint,M. L. and R. Van Den Bosch (1981) Introduction to Integrated Pest Management.Plenum Press, N. Y, U. S. A.
  5. Hokkanen, H. M. T. (1985) Success in classical biological control CRC (Cri, Rev.). PI. Sci. 3, 35-72
  6. Johnson, N. F. and L. Masner (1985) Revision of genus Psix kozlov and Le (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) Syst. Entomol.10,33-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1985.tb00562.x
  7. Kishore, Rand P Kumar (1990) Parasites of uzi flyu, Exorista sorbillans Wied. (Diptera: Tachinidae) XII. Biology of Trichop ria sp. (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae). Indian J. Seric. 29,200-207.
  8. Kumar, P, A. Kumar, M. K. R Nomani and K. Sengupta (1989) Parasites of uzi fly, Exorista sorbillans Wiedman. A new record. Curr. Sci. 58, 821-822.
  9. Kumar, P, V. V. Reddy, M. V. Samson and M. S. Jolly (1986)Record of new parasites of Tricholyga bombycis Beck(Diptera : Tachinidae) a larval parasite of Bombyx mori Curr.Sci. 55, 1040-1041.
  10. Napompeth, B. (1987) Biological control and integrated pest control in the tropics - an overview. Acad. Naz. Sci. 50, 415-428.
  11. Singh, S. P and S. K. Jalali (1991) Trichogrammatid egg parasitoids. Extension Bulletin no. I Biological Cont. Centre, NCIPM, Bangalore.
  12. Singh, R N. (1989) Pest complex of tasar food plant. Indian Silk 28,27-28.
  13. Singh, R N., C. M. Bajpayee and K. Thangavelu (1992a) Perspective of bioliogical control in tasar culture. Indian Silk 31,46-47.
  14. Singh, R. N., A. K. Goel and K. Thangave1u (1992b) Succession of insect pests in tasar ecosystem in Bihar. Indian J. Ecol. 19, 177-182.
  15. Singh, R N., K. Thangavelu, P K. Mishra, J. Jayaswal (1992c)Reproductive strategy and sex ratio of the stink bug Psix striaticeps Dodd. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) parasitoid in tasar ecosystem. G. It. Ent. 6, 151-155.
  16. Singh, R. N., C. M. Bajpayee and K. Thangavelu (1993a) An ecological approach of pest management in tasar culture. Indian silk 32,4-5.
  17. Singh, R. N., K. C. Mandai and S. S. Sinha (1993b) Studies on the biology of Blepharipa zebina (Diptera: Tachinidae)Indian J. Seric. 32,15-19.
  18. Singh, R. N., V. Kulshrestha and S. S. Sinha (1994a) Sex ratio of stink bug parasitoid in tasar culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 64,17-21.
  19. Singh, RN., J. Jayaswal and S. S. Sinha (1994b). Biology of Pediobius sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) a parasitoid of uzifly Blepharipa zebina Walker, Proc. Nat. Symp. Adv. in Biocontrol.
  20. Singh, R N., B. R. R P. Sinha and S. S. Sinha (l994c) Host discrimination between parasitised and unparasitised uzifly pupae by females Tricholopsis apanteloctena (Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae). Trends Life Science 9, 27-32.
  21. Singh, R. N., T. Babu and S. S. Sinha, (l995a) Reproductive strategies of an ectophagous parasitoid, Trichomalopsis apanteloctena (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on the pupae of Blepharipa zebina Walk. (Tachinidae: Diptera). Ind. J. Ecol. 22, 17-20.
  22. Singh, R N., K. C. Mandai and K. Thangavelu (1995b) Blepharipa zebina Walker (Tachinidae: Diptera) a new host for hymenopteran parasitoids Brachymeria lasus and Theronia maskeliyae Cameron. Indian J. Seric. 34, 72-73.
  23. Singh, R N., P Kaman and S. S. Sinha (1995c) Record of new hymenopterous parasitoids of gall insect Trioza fletcheri minor. Ind. Forest. 121,766-767.
  24. Singh, R. N., S. S. Sinha and K. Thangavelu (1995d) Life table studies on the egg parasitoid Psix. Striaticeps (Hymenoptera:Scelionidae) on the silkworm predator Canthecona furcellata(Pentatomidae: Hemiptera). J. Biol. Cont. 9, 5-8. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09010005.x
  25. Singh, R N. and S. S. Sinha (l995a). The influence of Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) egg age on the progeny production of its parasitoid Psix striaticeps.J. BioI. Con. 9,99-101.
  26. Singh, R N. and S. S. Sinha (1995b) Behaviour of parasitoid Pediobius (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) at varying host densities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 65, 183-187.
  27. Singh, R N., S. S. Sinha and K. Thangavelu (1996) Parasitization potential of stinkbug parasitoid Psix striaticeps (Dodd) at varying host density. Ann. Entomol. 14, 89-94.
  28. Singh, R N. and S. S. Sinha (1996) Demonstration of kairomonal activity in the pupae of uzi fly to its parasitoid.Indian J. Seric. 35, 62-63.
  29. Singh, R. N. and K. Thangavelu (1992) Suppression and regulationof uzi fly popuo1ation in tasar culture. Indian Silk 31,28-31.
  30. Singh, R N. and K. Thangave1u (l994a) Incidence of insect pests on primary tasar food plants of Bihar. Bull. Entomol.35,35-37.
  31. Singh, R. N. and K. Thangavelu (l994b) Host discrimination ability in parasitoid wasp Psix striaticeps (Hymenoptera:Scelionidae) Ann. Entomol. 12, 19-23.
  32. Singh, R. N. and K. Thangavelu (1995) First record of Trichomalopsis apanteloctena on uzifly Blepharipa zebina.Indian J. Seric. 34, 165-166.
  33. Singh, R N. and K. Thangavelu (1996) Biological charateristics of Trichomalopsis apanteloctena Crawford. (Hymenoptera:Pteroma1idae) a parasitoid of Blepharipa zebina.IndianJ. Seric. 35, 62-63.
  34. Singh, R N. and K. Thangave1u (1997 a) Impact of host extract on reporductive behaviour of the parasitoid at different hostdensity. Indian J. Entomol. 59,274-277.
  35. Singh, R N. and K, Thangave1 (1997b) Effect of age of the host and the parasitoid on the parasitism of uzi fly Blepharipa zebina Walker. J Insect Sci. 10, 63-64.
  36. Singh, R. N. and K. Thangavelu (1999) Response and competation of the parasitoid Trichomalopsis apanteloctena Crawford at different host densities of uzifly pupae. Environ and Ecololgy 17, 45-48.
  37. Singh, R. N., M. V. Samson and R. K. Datta (2000) Pest Management in Sericulture. Indian Publishers Distributors, Delhi.
  38. Singh, R. N., J. V. K. Rao and M. V. Samson (2001) Role of Parasitoid in Pest Management in Sericulture; in Biocontrol Potential and its Exploitation in Sustainable Agriculture.Upadhyay, R. K., K. G. Mukerji and B. P. Chamola (eds.),. 379-388, Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, N. Y.
  39. Thangavelu, K. and R. N. Singh (1991) Integrated Pest management in tasar culture. Ann. Ent. 9, 59-65.
  40. Thangavelu, K and R. N. Singh (1992) Record of new egg parasites of Canthecona furcellata (Pentatornidae: Hemiptera). Entomon 17,137-138.
  41. Thangavelu, K. and R. N. Singh (1993) Integrated Pest Management of uzi fly in tasar ecosystem; in Recent Advances in uzifly Research. ChannaBasavanna, G. P.,G. Veeranna, S. B. Dandin (eds.), pp. 239-246, KSDI, Bangalore, India.
  42. Thangavelu, K. and R. N. Singh (1994) Pest Management Practices in tasar culture. J. Insect Sci. 7, 121-124.
  43. Upadhyay, R. K., K. G. Mukerti and R. Rajat (1997) IPM System in Agriculture, vol. 2. Biocontrol in emerging Biotechnology Aditya books (P) Ltd., New Delhi, India.
  44. Upadhyay, R. K., K. G. Mukerji, B. P. Chamola and O. P. Dubey (1998) Integrated Pest and Disease Management APH publishing Corp., New Delhi, India.
  45. Van Lenteren, J. C. (1986) Evaluation of mass production quality control and release of entomophagous insects; in Biological Plant and Health Protection. Frang, J. M. (ed.), pp. 3156, Fisher Veriag, Stutt.
  46. Wylie, H. G. (1976) Interference among females of Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and its effect on the sex ratio of their progeny. Can. Ent. 108, 655-661. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent108655-6