• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.29-41
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• 2022

Objective: Condylar resorption (CR) is one of the major post-surgical complications of orthognathic surgery. This systematic review (SR) aimed to evaluate epidemiological data, risk factors, and therapeutical management of CR. Methods: Six databases were screened by two investigators until September 2020 to obtain all SRs. After reading the titles and abstracts, eligible SRs were determined and data extraction was performed. Using the latest version of A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews, the methodological quality of the included SRs was determined. Results: Ten SRs with low or critically-low methodological quality were included in this review. Mandibular hypoplasia on the sagittal plane and hyperdivergent growth pattern on the vertical plane were the most common skeletal alterations in which CR could occur after orthognathic surgery. Post-operative condylar changes were analyzed both on two-dimensional and three-dimensional (3D) radiographic examinations. The incidence of CR was not related to the fixation method. Based on the severity of the pathological conditions, management of CR can include conservative or surgical therapy. Conclusions: Despite the limited evidence in literature, CR is considered a consequence of orthognathic surgery. However, an accurate diagnosis of CR and a better orthognathic surgical planning must include 3D radiographic examinations to improve pre- and post-surgical comparison. Well-designed studies with long-term follow-up and 3D data are needed to clarify the findings of this analysis..

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제61권1호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2023

Concerns about foodborne illnesses caused by Kudoa septempunctata are steadily growing, but reports of K. septempunctata in clinical and food specimens related to food poisoning in Korea are limited. This study aimed to genetically identify K. septempunctata in patients with acute diarrhea and in clinical and food samples related to food poisoning caused by sashimi consumption. Both real-time and nested polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to detect K. septempunctata 18S and 28S rDNA genes in the stools of 348 patients with acute diarrhea, 11 samples (6 stool and 5 rectal swab samples) from patients with food poisoning, and 2 raw Paralichthys olivaceus samples collected from a restaurant where a food poisoning incident occurred. K. septempunctata was identified in 5 clinical specimens (4 stools and 1 rectal swab) and 1 P. olivaceus sashimi sample. All detected K. septempunctata were of genotype ST3. This is the first study to identify K. septempunctata in both patients and food samples with epidemiological relevance in Korea, providing evidence that it is a pathogen that causes food poisoning. Also, this is the first study to confirm the presence of K. septempunctata genes in rectal swabs. Despite continuing suspected occurrences of Kudoa foodborne outbreaks, the rate of identification of K. septempunctata is very low. One reason for this is the limitation in obtaining stool and vomit samples for the diagnosis of Kudoa infection. We strongly suggest the inclusion of rectal swabs among the diagnostic specimens for Kudoa food poisoning.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.959-968
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Few studies have provided evidence of the association between diet quality and dental caries. This study aimed to examine the association between diet quality and untreated dental caries in a Korean representative population. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study population included a sample of 13,815 participants, aged ≥ 19 from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 2013-2015. The explanatory variable was diet quality and the outcome variable was untreated dental caries. Untreated dental caries were defined by the number of decayed teeth recorded according to the criteria established by the World Health Organization. Diet quality was defined by using the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) through the 24-h recall methods. We assessed the association between diet quality and untreated dental caries while adjusting for age, sex, education, income, smoking status, dental visits, toothbrushing frequencies, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: The mean overall KHEI scores in the untreated dental caries group were significantly lower than those in the group without untreated dental caries. Significant differences were observed in the untreated dental caries group based on the KHEI quartiles (P < 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, the quartiles of KHEI scores showed an association with untreated dental caries, demonstrating a dose-effect trend (odds ratio [OR], 1.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35-1.84 for 1st quartile; OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.19-1.59 for 2nd quartile; OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.14-1.53 for 3rd quartile; reference quartile highest]). CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicated an inverse association between diet quality and untreated dental caries in Korean adults. Healthcare providers should take into account the significant role of diet quality in preventing and managing oral health.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.247-256
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• 2017

Objectives: The deaths of Korean victims exposed to the disinfectant CMIT/MIT have remained unresolved. This is mainly due to a lack of concordance between the few available toxicity tests and the abundant epidemiological data, making it difficult to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate any potential associations between CMIT/MIT exposure and death. Methods: Groups of experimental and control C57BL/6 mice were instilled (in the trachea) with chloromethylisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (CMIT/MIT) using a visual instillobot. CMIT/MIT was instilled over a period of three days and eight weeks, respectively, to achieve acute and chronic exposures. A threshold dose-response model was applied for estimating the threshold level as one line of evidence for a causal association between CMIT/MIT and death. Results: An acute exposure of 1.2 mg ai/kg/day of CMIT/MIT was estimated to reflect the threshold for death. The dose-response curve with this threshold showed a very steep slope and a narrow range of CMIT/MIT exposures. The narrow range of CMIT/MIT exposures, in particular, indicated an evident boundary between survival and death, thus implicating a strong causal association. A similar threshold dose-response relationship observed following acute exposure was also seen following chronic exposure to CMIT/MIT. Airborne disinfectant exposure was visible as minimal or mild lung damage with no fibrosis, as shown by histopathological tests. However, many observations are considered to be functional respiratory tract or lung failure due to death, as observed in necropsies of the mice that died due to CMIT/MIT exposures. Conclusions: There are two strong lines of evidence for a causal association between death and CMIT/MIT exposure: 1) The threshold dose-response curve, with a very steep slope and a narrow range of CMIT/MIT exposures showing a visible boundary between survival and death; and 2) many cases of functional respiratory or lung failure.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권15호
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• pp.6035-6039
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• 2014

Background: Substantial evidence from epidemiological studies has suggested that increased levels of calcium may play a protective role against colorectal cancer (CRC). Given the vital role of calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis, we explored whether the rs1801725 (A986S) variant located in exon 7 of the CaSR gene and the rs6256 variant located in exon 3 of PTH gene might be associated with CRC risk. Materials and Methods: In this study 860 subjects including 350 cases with CRC and 510 controls were enrolled and genotyped using PCR-RFLP methods. Results: We observed no significant difference in genotype or allele frequencies between the cases with CRC and controls for both CaSR and PTH genes either before or after adjustment for confounding factors including age, BMI, sex, smoking status, and family history of CRC. Furthermore, no evidence for effect modification of any association of rs1801725 and rs6256 variants and CRC by BMI, sex, or tumor site was observed. In addition, there was no significant difference in genotype and allele frequencies between the normal weight (BMI < $25kg/m^2$) cases and overweight/obese (BMI ${\geq}25kg/m^2$) cases for the two SNPs. Conclusions: These data indicated that the CaSR gene A986S variant is not a genetic contributor to CRC risk in the Iranian population. Furthermore, our results suggest for the first time that PTH gene variant does not affect CRC risk. Nonetheless, further studies with larger sample size are needed to validate these findings.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.3275-3279
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• 2013

Background: Tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) plays a very important role in the development and progression of cancer. Many epidemiological studies have evaluated associations between the TNF-${\alpha}$ 238 G/A polymorphism and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk, but the published data are inconclusive. Therefore, we performed the present meta-analysis. Methods: Electronic searches of several databases were conducted for all publications on the association between TNF-${\alpha}$ 238 G/A polymorphism and HCC through July 2012. Asummary odds ratio (OR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to evaluate the strength of this association. Results: Eleven case-control studies with a total of 1,572 HCC cases and 1,875 controls were finally included in this meta-analysis. Overall, the TNF-${\alpha}$ 238 G/A polymorphism was significantly associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in three genetic comparison models (For A versus G: OR 1.32, 95%CI 1.04-1.69, P = 0.02, $I_2$ = 40%; for AG versus GG: OR 1.32, 95%CI 1.02-1.71, P = 0.03, $I_2$ = 40%; for AA/AG versus GG: OR 1.33, 95%CI 1.03-1.72, P = 0.03, $I_2$ = 41%) when all studies were pooled. Subgroup analysis by ethnicity further showed that there was a significant association between the TNF-${\alpha}$ 238 G/A polymorphism and risk of HCC in Asians under three genetic comparison models (For A versus G: OR 1.30, 95%CI 1.00-1.68, P = 0.05, $I_2$ = 45% for AA/AG versus GG: OR 1.31, 95%CI 1.00-1.71, P = 0.05, $I_2$ = 46%). Conclusions: This meta-analysis provided convincing evidence that the TNF-${\alpha}$ 238 G/A polymorphism is associated with increased susceptibility to HCC. However, more well-designed studies with large sample size are needed to validate this association in Caucasians.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.230-238
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• 1998

목 적 : 오염된 식수나 음식물에 의하여 전파되는 A형 간염은 전세계적으로 과거에 비해 현저한 발생 감소를 보이고 있고 국내에서도 1980년대 중반 이후부터는 돌발적 유행 양상은 소실되었고 매우 적은 수의 산발적 발생안 보고 되고 있다. 그러나 최근에 와서 성인과 소아에서 A형 간염이 점차 증가하는 추세를 보이고 있어 저자들은 최근 10년간 경기지역의 15세 이하의 소아에서 A형 간염의 역학적 변화와 이들 환아의 임상적 특성에 관하여 연구를 실시하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1988년 7월부터 1998년 8월까지 경기지역에 있는 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모자애병원, 성가병원, 의정부성모병원, 성인센트병원에 임원된 환아중 혈청학적으로 A형 간염으로 진단된 환아들의 의무기록을 통하여 후향적으로 A형 간염의 연별, 월별, 연령별, 성별 발생상태와 발생과 연관된 역학적 특성, 그리고 임상적 특성, 경과 및 합병증 등에 관하여 분석하였다. 결 과 : 1) 연구 기간동안 46명이 A형 간염으로 진단되었고, 이들 환아중 28명(60.1%)이 1998년에 집중적으로 발생되었다. 2) 이들 환아는 연중 3월에서 7월 사이에 주로 발생되었고 또한 10세 이상의 연령(37명, 80.4%)에서 발생되었으며 남녀비는 1.2:1.0이었다. 3) 연구 환아들 부모의 사회경제 및 교육 정도는 중등도 이하가 각각 97.8%. 87.0%으로 낮았다. 그리고 이들 환아는 원인이 뚜렷하지 않고 집단적 발생은 없었으나 2례에서 가족내 발생이 확인되었다. 4) 임상적으로 내원시 이들 환아의 주소는 구토 및 구역, 황달, 식욕부진, 경미한 발열, 권태감, 복통, 상기도증상, 소화장애, 짙은 소변, 두통, 설사의 순으로 호소하였고, 진찰소견상에서는 황달, 간비대, 우상복부 압통, 비장종괸, 좌하복부 압통의 순으로 이상 소견을 보였다. 5) 간기능 검사상 전례에서 비정상적인 소견과 담즙 정체성 간염의 소견이 관찰되었으나 이들 소견은 2~4주 사이에 정상화되었다. 또한 복부 초음파 및 간동위원소 검사상 당낭벽 비후, 간비대, 비장비대, 복수 등의 소견이 관찰되었다. 6) 이들 연구 환아들의 평균 임원일 수는 11.1일이었고 전례에서 합병증 없이 좋은 경과를 보였다. 결 론 : 최근 10년간 경기지역에서 A형 간염의 발생의 양상은 사회경제 및 교육 정도가 낮은 가정의 10세 이상의 연령 소아에서 1998년도에 집중적으로 발생되고 있음을 알 수 있었고, 전례에서 비정상적인 간기능 소견이 관찰되었고 다수에서 담즙 정체성 간염의 양상을 보였으나 합병증 없이 좋은 임상 경과가 있었음을 확인하였다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.319-326
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• 1999

최근 국내에서는 Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes등의 미생물에 대한 건강위해성이 강조되면서 미생물 위해성평가에 대한 필요성이 제기되고 있고, U.S.FPA, U.S.DA, FAO/WHO를 비롯한 국제기구 및 외국 유관기관들에서도 미생물 위해성평가 방법을 식품관리에 활용하고자 방법론 연구에 주력하고 있다. 미생물 위험성은 화학물질과 달리 인체건강에 대한 영향이 즉각적이고, 심각하게 나타나 정량적인 위해성평가가 용이하지 않고 유해화학물질과는 다른 평가방법이 요구된다. 식품중 미생물의 위해성평가는 크게 4단계로 구분되는데, 미생물관련질환 추세파악 및 미생물 관련질병에 관한 역학조사 등을 활용하는 위험성확인 단계와 실제 식품원료, 식품가공, 수송, 포장단계 중 식품의 물리적, 화학적 조건에 따른 미생물 변화를 고려하여 식품중 미생물에 대한 노출을 정량화하는 노출평가 단계, 미생물의 용량에 따른 질병발생에 근거하여 용량-반응관계를 규명하는 용량-반응평가 단계, 규명된 모델을 활용하여 모든 평가결과를 통합함으로 위해 도치 예측과 불확실성 분석 등을 수행하는 위해도결정단계로 구성되어 있다. 미생물 용량-반응평가는 크게 비역치(Nonthreshold)와 역치(Threshold) 평가 방법론으로 구분되는데, 비역치 평가방법론은 단일 병원균이 감염을 일으킬 수 있다는 것과 감염을 일으킬 수 있는 확률이 독립적이라는 가정을 전제로 하고, 역치평가방법론은 미생물이 감염을 일으키기 위해서 각기 개별 역치가 존재하는데 어느 정도의 미생물수가 모여 서로 작용해야 독성유발물질을 만들어 낸다는 가정을 전제로 한다. 현재 받아들여지고 있는 비역치 모델로는 Exponential, Beta-poisson, Gompertz, Gamma-weibull 모델 등이 있으며, 역치모델로는 Log-normal, Log-logistic모델 등이 있다. 본 연구에서는 인체 volunteer자료를 활용하여 용량-반응자료를 입력하고 용량-반응자료를 토대로 적합한 수학적 모델을 찾아내어, 선별한 모델의 적합도 검정을 실시하는 방법론 연구를 실시하였으며, 노출평가 자료와 용량-반응평가 결과를 연계하여 위해도를 결정하는 과정에 대해 연구하였다 이 밖에도 모델(Food MicroModel)을 이용하여 식품의 염도, 수분활성도, 온도, pH등의 조건에 따른 미생물의 성장률, 사멸률 등 변화를 예측할 수 있는 방법론 연구를 통해 식품의 최적 보관 조건등을 찾아내는 방법을 습득하였다. 미생물 위해성평가는 외국에서도 아직 초기 연구단계에 있으며 현재로서 사후조사자료인 역학자료보다 건강한 성인남자를 대상으로 한 volunteer 자료를 우선적으로 활용하고 있으나 노약자나 민감그룹에 대한 실험은 현실적으로 불가능하여 동물실험을 이용한 평가방법을 연구중에 있다. 추후 연구방향으로는 국내 volunteer들을 대상으로 한 미생물별 용량-반응결과를 토대로 population sensitivity를 비교할 수 있는 기초자료를 확보함으로써 미생물에 대한 인구집단의 반응 민감성 차이를 비교하고 시료채취 후 즉각적인 실험실적 분석이 가능토록하여 정확한 인체노출평가를 수행함으로써 미생물 위해성평가방법론을 식품미생물관리에 적용하는 것이다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.201-211
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• 2001

Dental caries causes the majority of tooth loss among Koreans. Korea is experiencing an increase in dental caries. And it shows a high prevalence of caries in preschool children, which contrasted with the much-improved situation in developed countries. So, it is important to control caries from preschool periods in Korea. Recently, inspections of the teeth of preschool children for evidence of dental disease became a legislative duty in Korea following Oral Health Act(2000). But, standardized oral health programs in preschool children is not yet proposed. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an community based oral health program in preschool children. The purpose of this study was to obtain basic data for the development of community based oral health program in preschool children of Sungnam city. Oral health status in primary dentition were surveyed in 862 2-6 year-old preschool children of Sungnam city by WHO criteria. From the data, df rate, percentage of preschool child ren with active caries, dft index, dt rate, percentage of preschool children with pit and fissure sealant of each age were calculated, and discussed. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The experience of dental caries in primary dentition showed a tendency to increase quickly between 2 and 3 year old children. So, the oral health program in preschool children should be developed to prevent dental caries and control their oral health under three years of age. 2. In 5 year-old children, the percentage with active caries was 60.8% and dft index was 5.06. The dt rate showed a tendency to decrease as proportion to age, but even though 6 year-old children, the dt rate was 47.7%. Therefore, the annual screening dental examination and oral health education programs at the institution for preschool children should be developed to detect and treat dental caries in primary dentition at early stage. 3. The percentage of preschool children with pit and fissure sealant at six years of age was 10.2%. So, pit and fissure sealant and professional fluoride application programs in Public Health Center should be developed to prevent dental caries. 4. Also, it is necessary to establish oral health goals in preschool children and develop water fluoridation program 10 improve and preserve oral health of preschool children in Seongnam city, effectively.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.117-123
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• 2005

A cumulative evidence indicates that consumption of tea catechin, flavan-3-ol derived from green tea leaves, lowers the risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, a precise mechanism for this cardiovascular action has not yet been fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of different green tea catechins, such as epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin-3 gallate (ECG), and epicatechin (EC), on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertrophy in primary cultured rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC). [$^3H$]-leucine incorporation was used to assess VSMC hypertrophy, protein kinase assay, and western blot analysis were used to assess mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity, and RT-PCR was used to assess c-jun or c-fos transcription. Ang II increased [$^3H$]-leucine incorporation into VSMC. However, EGCG and ECG, but not EGC or EC, inhibited [$^3H$]-leucine incorporation increased by Ang II. Ang II increased phosphorylation of c-Jun, extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and p38 MAPK in VSMC, however, EGCG and ECG , but not EGC or EC, attenuated c-Jun phosphorylation increased by Ang II. ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation induced by Ang II were not affected by any catechins. Ang II increased c-jun and c-fos mRNA expression in VSMC, however, EGCG inhibited c-jun but not c-fos mRNA expression induced by Ang II. ECG, EGC and EC did not affect c-jun or c-fos mRNA expression induced by Ang II. Our findings indicate that the galloyl group in the position 3 of the catechin structure of EGCG or ECG is essential for inhibiting VSMC hypertrophy induced by Ang II via the specific inhibition of JNK signaling pathway, which may explain the beneficial effects of green tea catechin on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases observed in several epidemiological studies.