• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1541-1544
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• 2009

This study evaluated effects of enzymatic hydrolysates of squid on cholesterol lowering in rats. Thirty male rats were blocked into 3 groups [high cholesterol diet (control), 5% normal squid, and 5% enzymatic hydrolysates of squid] and were raised for 10 weeks. Triglyceride level in enzymatic hydrolysates of squid-fed rats was lower than that in the control. Serum low density lipoprotein-cholesterol level followed in the order of control>normal squid>enzymatic hydrolysates. Serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol level in enzymatic hydrolysates of squid-fed rats was higher than that in control rats. Liver cholesterol level in enzymatic hydrolysates of squid-fed rats was lower than that in control rats.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In this study, potential anti-inflammatory effect of enzymatic hydrolysates from Styela clava flesh tissue was assessed via nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccahride (LPS) induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and in vivo zebrafish model. MATERIALS/METHODS: We investigated the ability of enzymatic hydrolysates from Styela clava flesh tissue to inhibit LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 macrophages, and the molecular mechanism through which this inhibition occurred. In addition, we evaluated anti-inflammatory effect of enzymatic hydrolysates against a LPS-exposed in in vivo zebrafish model. RESULTS: Among the enzymatic hydrolysates, Protamex-proteolytic hydrolysate exhibited the highest NO inhibitory effect and was fractionated into three ranges of molecular weight by using ultrafiltration (UF) membranes (MWCO 5 kDa and 10 kDa). The above 10 kDa fraction down-regulated LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), thereby reducing production of NO and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The above 10 kDa fraction suppressed LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$. In addition, the above 10 kDa fraction inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. Furthermore, NO production in live zebrafish induced by LPS was reduced by addition of the above 10 kDa fraction from S. clava enzymatic hydrolysate. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggested that hydrolysates derived from S. clava flesh tissue would be new anti-inflammation materials in functional resources.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.62-66
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• 2020

Ethanol fermentation of the enzymatic hydrolysates from the products pretreated using 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate ([EMIM]Ac) and its co-solvents with dimethylformamide (DMF) was conducted using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (D452-2). The optical density change due to the yeast cell growth, the consumption amount of monosugars (glucose, xylose), the concentration of acetate, and ethanol production yield were investigated. The co-solvent system lowered inhibition of the growth of the cells. The highest concentration of glucose (7.8 g/L) and xylose (3.6 g/L) was obtained from the enzymatic hydrolysates of the pretreated product by pure [EMIM]Ac. The initial concentration of both monosugars in the enzymatic hydrolysates was decreased with increasing fermentation time. Ethanol of Approximately 3 g/L was produced from the enzymatic hydrolysates by pure [EMIM]Ac and co-solvent with less than 50% DMF.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.436-446
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary enzymatic hydrolysates using squid and mackerel by-product on feed efficiency, growth and chemical composition in Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) after a eight weeks feeding experiment. Effects on the weight gain and feed efficiency in the enzymatic hydrolysates added groups were very effective. Weight gain were significantly higher in the squid hydrolysates whole added group than in the other groups. Moisture and crude ash contents of muscle were not significantly affected by hydrolysates supplementation in all groups. Crude protein and lipid contents of muscle were increased after eight weeks feeding trial. Amino acid contents of muscle were higher in squid hydrolysates whole added group than in the other groups. Amino acids were not affected by hydrolysates supplementation in all groups. Fatty acid contents of muscle were increased after eight weeks growth trial. Fatty acids were not significantly different in the dietary groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.172-178
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate total polyphenol contents and antioxidative effects of the enzymatic hydrolysates digested by several kinds of carbohydrases from the powder of ripened pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), sweet pumpkin (C. maxima) and green pumpkin (C. moschata). The total polyphenol contents of all enzymatic hydrolysates from green pumpkin powder were higher than those of ripened and sweet pumpkins. DPPH radical scavenging activities of the enzymatic hydrolysates digested by AMG and Termamyl from green pumpkin were also very strong compared to ripened and sweet pumpkins. However, the most enzymatic hydrolysates of ripened and sweet pumpkin powders, except Viscozyme digestion, were higher superoxide anion scavenging activities than green pumpkin powder. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities in the enzymatic digests (not Ultroflo) of green pumpkin were potent compared to other pumpkin powders whereas hydroxyl radical scavenging activities were low at less than 14% in hydrolysates of all pumpkin species. Nitric oxide scavenging activities were very effective in Viscozyme digests of sweet and green pumpkin, and other enzymatic hydrolysates also showed higher activity than $\alpha$-tocopherol control (not BHT).

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2001

Enzymatic hydrolysis of different forms of silk fibroin (soluble, gel and insoluble forms) by industrial and commercial enzyme preparations to obtain aqueous and powdered silk fibroin in relatively mild conditions was investigated. A mono-enzymatic hydrolysate systems were tested for hydrolysis of water-soluble form of fibroin as most productive form of protein substrate. Insoluble forms of substrate usually were hydrolyzed less effective. In some cases from soluble fibroin substrate gel was formed during hydrolysis process. This hindered intermixing and decreased rates of hydrolysis. Insoluble sediments were formed in enzymatic hydrolysates in other cases. These sediments and also sediment after chemical hydrolysis were purified and tested on amino acids content for comparison. Sediments formation in these conditions are considered as pure tyrosine isolation method. Obtained hydrolysates were characterized by gel-chromatography analysis and other standard biochemical methods. Possibility of application of enzymatic hydrolysis for preparation of silk fibroin hydrolysates is discussed.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.434-445
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• 2023

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds have recently been attracting attention as a new high-value-added food material owing to their excellent nutritional properties, and research on the development of functional food materials using hemp seeds is actively progressing. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant properties of hemp seed protein hydrolysates. Protein hydrolysates were prepared from defatted hemp seed powder (HS) by enzymatic hydrolysis using five different proteases (alcalase, bromelain, flavourzyme, neutrase, and papain). 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) assay and SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that HS showed a high degree of hydrolysis after treatment with each enzyme except papain. The total polyphenol content of the protein hydrolysates (<3 kDa) and the RC50 values obtained from two different antioxidant tests showed that alcalase hydrolysate (HSA) had a relatively high level of antioxidant capacity. In addition, treatment with HSA (25-100 ㎍/mL) significantly inhibited linoleic acid peroxidation. These results suggest that hemp seed protein hydrolysates are potential sources of natural antioxidants. Future studies will focus on the identification of active peptides from HSA.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.183-190
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• 2010

Blueberry was enzymatically hydrolyzed using selected commercial food grade carbohydrases (AMG, Celluclast, Termamyl, Ultraflo and Viscozyme) and proteases (Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Kojizyme, Neutrase and Protamex) to obtain water soluble compounds, and their protective effect was investigated against $H_2O_2$-induced damage in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cell line (V79-4) via various published methods. Both AMG and Alcalase hydrolysates showed higher total phenolic content as well as higher cell viability and ROS scavenging activities, and hence, selected for further antioxidant assays. Both AMG and Alcalase hydrolysates also showed higher protective effects against lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and apoptotic body formation in a dose-dependent fashion. Thus, the results indicated that water soluble compounds obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of blueberry possess good antioxidant activity against $H_2O_2$-induced cell damage in vitro.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.712-718
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• 2004

This study was carried out to separate the calcium-binding protein derived from enzymatic hydrolysates of cheese whey protein. CWPs (cheese whey protein) heated for 10 min at $100^{\circ}C$ were hydrolyzed by trypsin, papain W-40, protease S, neutrase 1.5 and pepsin, and then properties of hydrolysates, separation of calcium-binding protein and analysis of calcium-binding ability were investigated. The DH (degree of hydrolysis) and NPN (non protein nitrogen) of heated-CWP hydrolysates by commercial enzymes were higher in trypsin than those of other commercial enzymes. In the result of SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), $\beta$-LG and $\alpha$-LA in trypsin hydrolysates were almost eliminated and the molecular weight of peptides derived from trypsin hydrolysates were smaller than 7 kDa. In the RP-HPLC (reverse phase HPLC) analysis, $\alpha$-LA was mostly eliminated, but $\beta$-LG was not affected by heat treatment and the RP-HPLC patterns of trypsin hydrolysates were similar to those of SDS-PAGE. In ion exchange chromatography, trypsin hydrolysates were shown to peak from 0.25 M NaCl and 0.5 M NaCl, and calcium-binding ability is associated with the large peak, which was eluted at a 0.25 M NaCl gradient concentration. Based on the results of this experiment, heated-CWP hydrolysates by trypsin were shown to have calcium-binding ability.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.211-215
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• 1999

The pure-separation of calcium chloride-treated fibroin hydrolysates could be carried out using gel filtration chromatography. Also, the effect of its enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated in order to find out the enhancement of their functionality. The average molecular weight(Mw), solubility and free amino acid compositions of three hydrolysates samples (calcium chloride, calcium chloride-flavourzyme and calcium chloride-thermoase)were measured to compare their characteristics. The molecular weight of calcium chloride hydrolysate was about Mw 46,800 and it can be reduced to Mw 12,500 and 1,070 upon the enzymatic hydrolysis by flavourzyme and thermoase, repectively. A solubility of calcium chloride-treated samples shows about 60% while calcium chloride/enzyme-treated samples are perfectly soluble (100% solubility). The total amino acid composition of calcium chloride enzymatic hydrolysates are much higher than that of calcium chloride hydrolysate.