• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.285-299
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• 2016

Although South Korea experienced a rolling blackout in 2011, the possibility of a blackout in South Korea continues to increase due to rapid electrification. This study examines the problems of energy taxation and price distortions as possible reasons for the rapid electrification in South Korea, which is occurring at a faster rate than in Japan, Europe, and other developed countries. Further, we suggest new energy taxation and price systems designed to normalize electricity prices. In order to do so, we consider two possible scenarios: the first imposes a tax on bituminous coal for electricity generation and the second levies a tax to provide compensation for the potential damages from a nuclear accident. Based on these scenarios, we analyze the effects of a new energy system on electricity price and demand. The results show that a new energy system could guarantee the power generation costs and balance the relative prices between energy sources, and could also help prevent rapid electrification. Therefore, the suggested new energy system is expected to be utilized as a basis for energy policy to decrease the speed of electrification, thus preventing a blackout, and to induce the rational consumption of energy in South Korea.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2022.06a
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• pp.1106-1113
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• 2022

Cost segregation helps reduce tax liabilities by reclassifying real property to personal property and accelerates tax depreciation of a property. A typical cost segregation study requires much time and high costs. This study proposed a BIM integrated cost segregation process that can be applied to any commercial building project. The proposed BIM-based cost segregation process was verified in a new commercial construction project. It approved that this approach can: (1) increase the cash flow for the owner and provide assistance to tax-paying enterprises; (2) enable the contractor to use it as an added value in the bidding process; (3) realize data sharing in a common platform to improve the cost segregation study efficiency and reduce costs and errors; (4) contribute to the asset management in the life cycle of buildings while filling in the blank of cost segregation process. Future studies will focus on the automation of cost segregation and asset management in building construction's life cycle.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.455-461
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• 2009

Calcineurin is a $Ca^{2+}$/Calmodulin activated Ser/Thr phosphatase that is well conserved from yeast to human. It is composed of catalytic subunit A (CnA) and regulatory subunit B (CnB). C. elegans homolog of CnA and CnB has been annotated to tax-6 and cnb-1, respectively and in vivo function of both genes has been intensively studied. In C. elegans, calcineurin play roles in various signaling pathways such as fertility, movement, body size regulation and serotonin-mediated egg laying. In order to understand additional signaling pathway(s) in which calcineurin functions, we screened for binding proteins of TAX-6 and found a novel binding protein, HLH-11. The HLH-11, a member of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins, is a putative counterpart of human AP4 transcription factor. Previously bHLH transcription factors have been implicated to regulate many developmental processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation, sex determination and myogenesis. However, the in vivo function of hlh-11 is largely unknown. Here, we show that hlh-11 is expressed in pharynx, intestine, nerve cords, anal depressor and vuvla muscles where calcineurin is also expressed. Mutant analyses reveal that hlh-11 may have role(s) in regulating body size and reproduction. More interestingly, genetic epistasis suggests that hlh-11 may function to regulate serotoninmediated egg laying at the downstream of tax-6.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.715-722
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• 2015

Four major river basin in Korea has been managed with Total Maximum Daily Load(TMDL) System. Water quality indicators as targeted pollutants for TMDL were BOD and TP. In order to satisfy water quality criteria, government allocation using public treatment facilities and its action plan has been used. However, the role to improve water quality were recently faced to its limitation. It is time to require the role of non-government allocation in private discharge facilities to control good water quality. This study investigated three different scenarios in reduction demands of non-government allocations about industry and private sewages. The three different scenarios were discharge under 1) legal water quality standard, 2) water quality level in 2011 and 3) current water quality level with maximum value in group. The results showed that reduction potential in water discharge for TP indicator was 1,118kg/day, under second scenario with 20% of deduction. This results arrived at 42% of whole reduction potential costs and 0.012mg/L improvement in water quality. In conclusion, to intrigue voluntary participation in non-government allocation, various benefits such as tax reduction, tax exemption, and water quality trading should be provided.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.75-90
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• 2003

In this paper we have shown that a Pigouvian tax is an adequate resolution of congestion externality to attain Pareto optimality using utility maximization. For this objective, taking an open access freeway as an example, we not only derived both marginal private benefit and marginal social benefit, but also assessed the divergence between marginal private benefit and marginal social benefit. As a result, we identified that the amount of a Pigouvian tax should be the same amount as the external time cost, which is the value of the marginal time cost to Individual a incurred by Individual b through freeway congestion. This Pigouvian tax coincides with the profit or wealth maximizing toll suggested by literature on the basis of profit maximization. In addition, because an open access freeway is accounted as common property resource, we proved that average social congestion cost is essentially equal to marginal private congestion cost in our model. Finally, we showed that the optimal value of trip derived in our model is the same as that generated on profit maximization approach.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.235-257
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• 2001

As in other Asian countries, the Korean government provides direct subsidies to endeavors that are potentially harmful to the environment. The water sector is one of the main recipients of these subsidies. The total amount of estimated direct fiscal subsidies equals 2.200 trillion won; however, the comprehensive cost of the subsidies is estimated to be much greater because environmental and social costs were not considered in the initial calculation. Most of the fiscal direct subsidies in the water sector are subsidized to urban water areas. The percentage of fiscal direct subsidies in the urban water sector to the total fiscal direct subsidies is 79.68%, while the percentage of fiscal direct subsidies in the industrial water sector is only 4.92%. Since the ratio of fiscal direct subsidies in the industrial water sector is quite small, the negative impact of removing fiscal direct subsidies for the industrial sector may be trivial. If the Korean government cuts dowm the VAT or income tax rate while reducing several types of subsidies, it will be able to achieve a double dividend effect both on the economy and the environment.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.291-313
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• 2010

The objective of this paper is to apply choice experiment methods to estimate non-market value of organic farming and its policy implication. A preliminary survey shows that the attributes of organic farming are reduce environmental pollution, bio-diversity improvements, cultural diversity improvements and maintain local community, reduce green-house gas emissions, energy saving, landscape improvements and tax for organic farming improvement policy. Questionnaire was eight different choice sets presented to each respondent. Implicit values of the attributive levels of organic farming have been calculated into tax money costs per house. This paper compared the six feasible scenarios in terms of willingness to pay per year. This study is expected to contribute to government's organic farming policies and quantitative information related to practice of organic farming.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.493-513
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• 2002

This empirical study analyzed the policy effect of deregulation in oil product prices. To investigate the effect of deregulation, it is tested whether gasoline prices are determined by market power. Also, the role of government in gasoline tax system is investigated. The empirical analysis has been done by using error correction model. The major findings are as follows. First of all, no significant empirical evidence is found to support that the deregulation affects the determination of gasoline prices. Secondly, the short-term CIF elasticity is estimated to be 0.14. This finding implies that if CIF increases 10%, the gasoline prices increase 1.4%. Finally, the investigation on government role in deregulated market shows that the government has still exercise the power of control through the tax system. For example, the government is seemed to increase the gasoline price more than the increase amount caused by the international oil prices and the exchange rates, because of the intention to achieve the internal revenue increases and lead to gasoline conservation.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.145-184
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• 2002

This paper analyzes the impact of imposing carbon tax on the Seoul economy to reduce Greenhouse Gas(GHG) emission. We construct the social accounting matrix of Seoul, specifying energy and transport sectors which is closely related to air pollution. Then, we formulated the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of seoul and performed scenario analysis. The main result shows that the economic cost of GHG reduction is quite large but the health benefit is also considerable. It also suggests the importance of cost effective measures such as the development of new energy technology and the improvement of energy efficiency.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.231-238
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• 2014

There were many attempts to increase the level of environmental cooperation in Northeast Asia. However, intergovernmental cooperation has not brought a substantial effects so far. This article aims to provide a model for multilateral joint research of environmental technologies. Each field of environmental problem requires a Consortium of joint research team and R & D mechanism. This model emphasizes joint-funding, tax-break for environmental investment and the importance of multilateral contract.