• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2008.03a
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• pp.1466-1483
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• 2008

This paper discusses the development of an up-to-date computerized CPT (Cone Penetration Test) based soil engineering classification system to provide geotechnical engineers with a handy tool for their daily design activities. Five CPT soil engineering classification systems are incorporated in this effort. They include the probabilistic region estimation and fuzzy classification methods, both developed by Zhang and Tumay, the Schmertmann, the Douglas and Olsen, and the Robertson et al. methods. In the probabilistic region estimation method, a conformal transformation is used to determine the soil classification index, U, from CPT cone tip resistance and friction ratio. A statistical correlation is established between U and the compositional soil type given by the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). The soil classification index, U, provides a soil profile over depth with the probability of belonging to different soil types, which more realistically and continuously reflects the in-situ soil characterization, which includes the spatial variation of soil types. The CPT fuzzy classification on the other hand emphasizes the certainty of soil behavior. The advantage of combining these two classification methods is realized through implementing them into visual basic software with three other CPT soil classification methods for friendly use by geotechnical engineers. Three sites in Louisiana were selected for this study. For each site, CPT tests and the corresponding soil boring results were correlated. The soil classification results obtained using the probabilistic region estimation and fuzzy classification methods are cross-correlated with conventional soil classification from borings logs and three other established CPT soil classification methods.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.223-230
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• 1998

This study was carried out for the purpose of developing environmental friendly and effective chemical treatment method for the disease control in the land-based flounder culture which is industrially popular in the coastal area in Korean. The chemicals such as flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus and their effects on the fish based on the 24hr-$LC_{50}$, $LT_{50}$, 24-hour survival rate at each experimental concentration, recovery rate of the survived individual from chemical treatment, and the histological change of the gill after chemical treatment were investigated and analyzed. The 24hr-$LC_{50}$ was 321.65 ppm for formalin, 419.62 ppm for chlorine dioxide, and 395.97 ppm for hydrogen peroxide, respectively. The $LT_{50}$ was 15-hour for formalin, 17-hour for chlorine dioxide and 24-hour for hydrogen peroxide, respectively. Fishes exposed to the experimental concentration of three chemicals were quickly susceptible in the order of formalin, chlorine dioxide and hydrogen peroxide with a trend of shorter half lethal time at higher concentration. Initial survival rate of the flounder soon after chemical treatment was the highest in the hydrogen peroxide treatment compared with the other two chemicals. The histological damage by the hydrogen peroxide treatment was negligible compared with the other two chemicals. Accordingly, hydrogen peroxide treatment showed the lowest toxicity compared with the other two chemicals to the experimental fishes.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.163-168
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• 2018

Biomass waste-derived carbon is an attractive alternative with environmental benignity to obtain carbon material. In this study, we prepare carbon from coffee grounds as a biomass precursor using a simple, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly method through physical activation using only steam. The coffee-derived carbon, having a micropore-rich structure and a low extent of graphitization of disordered carbon, is developed and directly applied to lithium-ion battery anode material. Compared with the introduction of the Ketjenblack (KB) conducting agent (i.e., coffee-derived carbon with KB), the coffee-derived carbon itself achieves a reversible capacity of ~200 mAh/g (0.54 lithium per 6 carbons) at a current density of 100 mA/g after 100 cycles, along with excellent cycle stability. The origin of highly reversible lithium storage is attributed to the consistent diffusion-controlled intercalation/de-intercalation reaction in cycle life, which suggests that the bulk diffusion of lithium is favorable in the coffee-derived carbon itself, in the absence of a conducting agent. This study presents the preparation of carbon material through physical activation without the use of chemical activation agents and demonstrates an application of coffee-derived carbon in energy storage devices.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.213-220
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• 2019

The dry cleaning effect related to the type of soil and fiber was analyzed using silicone and alcohol-based solvents(ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone) that are relatively safe for the human body and environment to improve the detergency of hydrophilic soils in dry cleaning system. Based on this analysis, an effective dry cleaning method to be carried out for improving the detergency according to the type of hydrophilic soils. After dry cleaning was performed using 20 types of artificial soiled fabrics consisting of 7 types of fibers and 4 types of hydrophilic soils, the detergency was measured and the results were compared and analyzed by solvents and fiber types. The results are presented as follows; first, the detergency of hydrophilic soils using silicone solvents showed a low rate of detergency. In particular, the tannin soil showed a lower level of detergency compared to the protein soil. Second, the detergency of hydrophilic soils using silicon solvents with dry soap differed in some detergency according to the soil and fiber types. Especially, the detergency of curry soil on cotton fabric showed significant improvement. Third, the protein soil was not removed from dry cleaning using alcohol-based solvents, but the effect of dry cleaning of curry soil on both cotton and polyester fabric was substantially improved. As a result, the elimination of blood soil is more effective in silicon solvents than in alcohol-based solvents. The removal of tannin soils may improve detergency by adding dry soap to silicon solvents or by using alcohol-based solvents as alternative solvents. The use of alternative solvents such as silicon and alcohol solvents can contribute to the environmental improvement of the dry cleaning industry, which uses petroleum-based solvents. It is also expected to provide consumers with the opportunity to choose eco-friendly and efficient dry cleaning methods.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2004

Livestock industry requires alternatives of antibiotics to prevent environmental pollution and to maintain public health. We herein report on an effective method to reduce ammonia from livestock manure, and confirmed environmentally-friendly livestock production by adding three types of yeast probiotics, Pichia farinosa SKM-1, Pichia anomala SKM-T, and Galactomyces geotrichum SJM-59, into the feed stuff, separately and/or mixed, and these three types of yeasts were administered to the Hy-line brown layers for 8 weeks. Compared with control, the laying performance, the egg quality, and the number of intestinal lactic acid producing bacteria of the treated group were improved and/or increased significantly. Pichia anomala SKM-T potently reduced ammonia production from poultry manure, and the other strains were also able to reduce the ammonia from it. The optimum condition for the reduction of ammonia with Pichia farinosa SKM-1, Pichia anomala SKM-T, and Galactomyces geotrichum SJM-59 was obtained by using the augmented centroid-simplex design. The ratio of optimum condition was Pichia farinosa SKM-1:Pichia anomala SKM-T:Galactomyces geotrichum SJM-59=0.295:0.209:0.080, and the estimate was -123.36 (p=0.0l38). An ability to reduce the ammonia production from livestock manure was maintained at $30^{\circ}C$ for 15 weeks.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.39 no.2 s.120
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• pp.68-77
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• 2007

It is necessary to recognize philosophical and scientific depth, contained in traditional culture in a correct fashion, in order to succeed and develop our excellent traditional culture. Some studies on storage, circulation, and package design of traditional food will multiple the added value of traditional culture. So this research was carried out for making packing cases of kinds of Korean dried confectionery using Hanji by traditional manufacturing method, Hanji textile, charcoal Hanji and jade Hanji, and for developing environmental-friendly Korean dried confectionery package as more luxurious packaging papers by putting an exterior design on the surface. The results measured physical properties, air permeability and anti-mold activity of Hanji, and designing Korean dried confectionery are as follows. The physical properties and air permeability used to manufacture Korean dried confectionery package, turned out to be no affection to the food packaging Hanji. In order to avoid the monotonousness of Korean dried confectionery package, it was designed with Hanji textile together with elegant traditional pattern. It is estimated to increase the value of Korean dried food and to make the anti-mold activity of Hanji added charcoal and jade effective. In conclusion, by developing individual properties of traditional food and proper packaging paper as well as packaging design according to circulating situation, it is considered that the taste and the fancy can be maximized. After all, by applying excellent traits contained in our race's culture, it is possible to develop the package cases into competitive ones. And it would be able to increase utilization of Hanji. Namely, production of high quality traditional food package with Hanji is expected for new valuable industry of Hanji.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.244-249
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• 2016

Anaerobic digester supernatant including high concentrations of nitrogen is recycled to water treatment line and make pollutant load increase in municipal wastewater treatment plant(MWTP). To treat nitrogen in anaerobic digester supernatant is suggested the method of MWTP retrofit. In this study, the lab scale reactor was operated about 200 days using supernatant of anaerobic digester. The results could draw operation condition that ammonium nitrogen removal efficiency more than 90% and nitrite conversion efficiency over 70%. Correlation between operation efficiency and operation factors was analyzed based on the operation results. Ammonium nitrogen remove efficiency and nitrite conversion efficiency were related to solid retention time (SRT), ammonium nitrogen load and ammonium nitrogen loading per unit mixed liquer suspended solid (MLSS). Results of this study can be used effective data on nitritation of supernatant of anaerobic digester, and be expected to increase availability of nitritation.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.181-187
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• 2011

The overall objective of this study is to develop the engineering-friendly-methodology which can investigate the fate of antibiotic resistance in environment microbial community. For this purpose, effective concentration (EC) concept was adopted with cultural based method which is currently used in engineering practice. When a tetracyline antibiotic was present as selective pressure agent among microbial community, activated sludge, the $EC_{50}$ and/or $EC_{90}$ of tetracycline in microbial community were statistically increased compared to control, especially higher growth rate and organic loading conditions of SBRs. Therefore, these results strongly suggested that the continuous monitoring of EC in microbial community can be used for characterizing the fate of tetracycline resistance community in environmental samples.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.77-86
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• 2005

CFRD(Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam) is in widespread use because this type of dam has superior characteristics in structural, material aspects comparing with earth cored rockfill dam. On this paper, up-to-date re-searches and techniques are summed up to be available for future needs in design and construction of CFRD. For example, such items as embankment using weak rock, experience of sand-gravel fill CFRD, connecting slab applied between plinth and face slab, raising experience of old dm, inverse filtration problem, environmental friendly zone, thickness and reinforcing of face slab, alluvial foundation treatment, and curb element method, are summarized for understanding of related engineers.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.10a
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• pp.19-19
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• 2014

Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, and Flammulina velutipes are major edible mushrooms that account for over 89% of total mushroom production in Korea. Recently, Agrocybe cylindracea, Hypsizygus marmoreus, and Hericium erinaceu are increasingly being cultivated in mushroom farms. In Korea, the production of edible mushrooms was estimated to be 614,224 ton in 2013. Generally, about 5 kg of mushroom substrate is needed to produce 1 kg of mushroom, and consequently about 25 million tons of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is produced each year in Korea. Because this massive amount of SMC is unsuitable for reuse in mushroom production, it is either used as garden fertilizer or deposited in landfills, which pollutes the environment. It is reasonably assumed that SMS includes different secondary metabolites and extracellular enzymes produced from mycelia on substrate. Three major groups of enzymes such as cellulases, xylanases, and lignin degrading enzymes are involved in breaking down mushroom substrates. Cellulase and xylanase have been used as the industrial enzymes involving the saccharification of biomass to produce biofuel. In addition, lignin degrading enzymes such as laccases have been used to decolorize the industrial synthetic dyes and remove environmental pollutions such as phenolic compounds. Basidiomycetes produce a large number of biologically active compounds that show antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, cytotoxic or hallucinogenic activities. However, most previous researches have focused on therapeutics and less on the control of plant diseases. SMS can be considered as an easily available source of active compounds to protect plants from fungal and bacterial infections, helping alleviate the waste disposal problem in the mushroom industry and creating an environmentally friendly method to reduce plant pathogens. We describe extraction of lignocellulytic enzymes and antimicrobial substance from SMSs of different edible mushrooms and their potential applications.