• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2001

personal nitrogen dioxide(NO$_2$) exposures for 31 professional drivers were measured using passive sampler and time activity diary in Asan and Chunan area, and were estimated using time-weighted average model. Mean concentrations of driver’s indoor and outdoor were 24.7$\pm$10.7 ppb and 23.3$\pm$8.3 ppb, respectively with indoor/outdoor of 1.1. Mean personal NO$_2$ exposure was 30.3$\pm$9.7 ppb. Personal NO$_2$ exposures were strongly correlated with indoor car NO$_2$ levels ($R^2$=0.80) rather than residential indoor NO$_2$ level ($R^2$=0.55). and outdoor NO$_2$ level ($R^2$=0.50). The driver’s NO$_2$ exposure using LP-gas with 24.4$\pm$8.0 ppb were statistically different from those using diesel with 36.3$\pm$14.1 ppb(p<0.01). The effect of driver’s smoking for personal NO$_2$ exposure was not found. It was considered that the main NO$_2$in driver is transportation. Since drivers mostly spent their times in indoor and inside car, time-weighted average model could be used to estimated personal NO$_2$ exposure using time activity diary, Though we did not measure all microenvironments, the estimated personal NO$_2$ exposures with 26.9$\pm$10.2 ppb were statistically correlated with measured personal NO $_2$ exposures30.3$\pm$9.7 ppb ($R^2$=0.89). The mean and standard deviation of personal NO$_2$ exposure using Mote-Carlo simulation were 26.6$\pm$7.2 ppb.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2009

The directions of the road are divided into two, the right-hand side and left-hand side of the road, by the convention and specific native method in the world. This paper deals with the characteristics and behaviors of drivers who are accustomed to driving on right-hand side of the road, drive with a handle on the left-hand side, and comparing with left-hand side drivers. The driver's eye movements were measured by eye camera and questionnaires were used for measuring subjective evaluation such as driving mental workload. The experimental results indicated even if the experts who had much experience on right-hand side driving, they had lower driving skill than novice driver, accustomed to driving on left-hand side. In terms of mental workload, MCH rating scale and MNASA-TLX, the right-hand side drivers were in lower stress condition than the left-hand side drivers because of having much driving experience. However, they conducted a few mistakes by confusing the position of turn signal and windshield wiper because of their driving habit or traits and it lead to operation mistakes. These results can be applied effectively to develop the driving support information with changed environments.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.715-737
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• 2018

The introduction of autonomous vehicles will bring about not only changes in existing automotive ecosystem but also widespread changes in our lives, society, economy, and culture. Social acceptance is one of important influencing factors for the commercialization of autonomous vehicles. The purpose of this study analyzes influencing factors in the acceptance of autonomous vehicles in terms of consumers. Autonomous vehicles in this study were defined as PAV (Partial Autonomous Vehicles) and FAV (Full Autonomous Vehicles) by drivers' intervention or not. The survey was conducted over 20 years old including not only drivers but also non-drivers. The results showed that the factors affecting acceptance of PAV and FAV were different. Factors directly related to drivers influenced PAV acceptance while external environmental factors influenced FAV acceptance. This study is proved that is should need different strategies between PAV and FAV for increasing those acceptance

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.61-77
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• 2002

This study focuses on drivers' risk perception & construct in risk scene. The measures used were the scores of hazard perception, namely the subjects' evaluation of the degree of risk through the 'Q-sorting' with 30 drivers. The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to their evaluating score, Z-score, road users' hazard(type 1), environmental hazard(type 2), situational hazard(type 3). And ten constructs derived from Q-sorting were compared through 'consensus item analysis'. It suggest that there are different in constructs for risk perception. Then those results are discussed in terms of theoretical and practical implication of traffic safety including accidents analysis and drivers' education.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.135-141
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• 2015

PURPOSES : While driving, drivers are usually limited in communicating with others except for using the horn. Excessive use of the horn may cause noise pollution, quarrels between drivers and pedestrians, damage, etc. This study developed a methodology for environmental adaptation and improvements of vehicle horns. METHODS: In this study, we performed a literature review of previous studies and related technologies regarding the overuse and damage of the horn. The proposed methodology employed the paired comparison method, as well as the semantic differential method. These methods can consider various vehicle horns, such as the Sport Utility Vehicle(SUV) Horn, Van Horn, and Buzzer. In addition, we conducted a factor analysis in order to provide a direction for improvement of future horns. This research provides a means of complimenting existing intellectual property related to vehicle horns. RESULTS: As a result, the most preferred of the selected horns were the Buzzer at 86.7%. In addition, based on the factor analysis, the horns could be classified into pleasantness and comfort factors. The results indicate a positive reaction for various vehicle horns. The horn type and size of the process control have been properly developed considering the position of the vehicle and the surrounding noise measurements. CONCLUSIONS : Based on the proposed methodology, public and private sectors can use fundamental data for reasonable traffic-noise control policies.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.569-576
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• 2019

Objectives: The main purpose of this study was to assess firefighters' daily personal noise exposure and explore noise levels related to specific tasks and their contributions to total noise exposure using 24-hour full-shift noise exposure measurements with task-based data. Methods: Noise exposure was assessed for eight firefighters (two rescuers, two drivers, and four suppressors) using time-activity diaries. We collected a total of 24 full-shift personal noise sample sets (three samples per a firefighter). The 24-hour shift-adjusted daily personal noise exposure level (L_ep,d), eight weekly personal noise exposures (L_eq,w), and 40 task-specific L_eq values (L_{eq activity}) were calculated via the ISO/NIOSH method. Results: The firefighter noise-sample datasets showed that most firefighters are exposed to noise levels above EU recommended levels at a low-action value. The highest noise exposure was for rescuers, followed by drivers and suppressors. Noise measurements with time-at-task information revealed that 82.3% of noise exposure occurred when checking equipment and responding to fire or emergency calls. Conclusions: The results indicate that firefighters are at risk of noise-induced hearing loss. Therefore, efforts at noise-control are necessary for their protection. This task-specific noise exposure assessment also shows that protective measures should be focused on certain tasks, such as checking and testing equipment.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.297-301
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• 2013

Objective: The purpose of this study is to review the hazards of whole body vibration(WBV) and prevent human injuries due to WBV. Background: Vibrations that shake the whole body in vehicles and vessels is WBV. Vibration at a specific frequency, and intensity in the human body can act as a hazard. But, it has not yet done enough research about effects of WBV. Method: We analyzed and reviewed occupational or ergonomic papers published past 30 years. Results: Exposure to whole body vibration can cause permanent physical injury or damage of the nervous system. In addition, it may cause problem in the cardiovascular system, digestive system, musculoskeletal system, endocrine system, reproductive system, and psychological system. The effect of vibration depends on its acceleration, duration, frequency, and direction. Conclusion: WBV-exposed human body experience a high risk of some illnesses such as lumbar spinal disorders. Some workers(bus drivers, truck drivers and heavy equipment operators) are the high risk population exposed to WBV. Application: The results of this study might help to judge and prevent occupational disease caused by WBV.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.241-251
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• 2021

This research explores and develops digital transformation factors influencing the logistics service-provider sector in Thailand while also examining the impact sustainability factors associated with digital transformation. Divided into two parts, Part one of the theoretical study framework covers 21 factors relating to logistics, including drivers, objectives, implications, and success factors. The second part concerns 23 factors associated with logistics sustainability, including economic, environmental, and social aspects. This quantitative empirical research was conducted using an online questionnaire instrument, and a structural equation modeling (SEM) technique was used to test the proposed model. The findings from 545 samples collected between August and November 2020 from respondents working in logistics service-provider companies in Thailand show that digital transformation drivers and objectives seem likely to impact success factors and implications in digital transformation positively. Digital transformation success factors also positively impact logistics sustainability. In comparison, logistics sustainability has a significant impact on Thailand's logistics service-provider sector's economic, environmental, and social aspects. Lastly, this research highlights the significance of digital transformation success factors and extends the current knowledge about digital transformation factors and their potential impact on logistics sustainability.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2000

This paper reviews the main drivers forcing change and progress in powertrains for passenger cars in the coming years. The environmental drivers of omissions and CO2 will force better technical performance, but customer demand for increased choice will force change in the basic engine design and provide opportunities for alternate configurations of powertrain. Gasoline engines will embody refinements of valve train actuations as well as developments in combustion, especially direct injection and possibly a lean booated form of direct injection. Nevertheless, the conventional, port injected engine will continue to be the dominant engine for some years to come. The high speed direct injection diesel will very soon supplant its indirect injection predecessor completely. It will take an increasing share of the total powertrain market as improved specific power and refinement make it even more attractive to the customer. Car manufacturers will provide diesel models to satisfy this customer demand as well as using the efficiency of the diesel to enable them to meet their fleet CO2 commitments. Both gasoline and diesel engines will see an increasing degree of electrification and partial hybridisation as efficient flywheel mounted electrical devices become available.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.355-359
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• 2009

Recently, the railway has been growing as the eco-friendly transport which is excellent for reducing carbon dioxide. However, the level of using tools to quantitatively and objectively evaluate the environmental performance is still low in the rail industry. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce Environmental Product Declaration(EPD) which describes the environmental performance by using Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) for evaluating the environmental impacts through entire life cycle of a product. The EPD enables stakeholders including policy makers, operation body, vehicle manufacturers and drivers and consumers to be informed about the superior environmental performance of rail vehicles.